Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов специальностей «Педагогика и психология»

Patient to his psychiatrist: Doctor. I can’t remember anything! I 
forgot what happened yesterday. I forgot what my car looks like.I can’t 
even remember my own name
Psychiatrist: How long have you had this problem?
Patient: What problem?
Memory Technique
Two elderly couples were enjoying friendly conversation when one 
of the men asked the other, «Fred how was memory clinic you went to last 
month?»
«Outstanding», Fred replied. «They taught us all the latest 
psychological techniques-visualization,association- it made a huge 
difference for me».
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Abraham Maslow is known is known for establishing the theory of 
hierarchy o f needs. He wrote that human beings are motivated by 
unsatisfied needs, and that certain lower needs need to be satisfied before 
higher needs can be satisfied. Maslow studied exemplary people such ass 
Albert Einstein, Eleanor Roosevelt and Frederick Douglas rather than men­
tally ill or neurotic people. This was a radical difference from two of the 
major schools o f psychology o f his days: S. Freud's and B.F Skinner's.
According to Maslow there are general types o f needs (physiological, 
safety, love, and esteem) that must be satisfied before a person can act not 
selfishly. He called these needs "deficiency needs’ As long as we are 
motivated to satisfy these cravings, we are moving towards growth, toward 
self-actualization. Satisfying needs is healthy, blocking gratification makes 
us sick or evil. Physiological needs are very basic needs such as air, water, 
food, sleep, sex. etc. When these are not satisfied we may feel sickness, 
irritation, pain, discomfort, etc. Once they are satisfied, we may think about 
other things. Safety needs have to do with establishing stability and
consistency in a chaotic world. These needs are mostly psychological in 
nature. We need the security o f a home and family. However, if a family is 
dysfunctional, i.e., an abusive husband, the wife cannot move to the next 
level because she has problems with safety. Love is the next on the ladder. 
Humans have a desire to belong to groups: clubs, work groups, religious 
groups, family, gangs, etc. We need to feel loved (non- sexual) by others, 
to be accepted by others. Performers appreciate applause. We need to be 
needed. There are two types o f esteem needs. First is self-esteem which re­
sults from competence o f mastery o f a task. Second, there's the attention 
and recognition that comes from others. This is similar to the
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belongingness level; however, wanting admiration has to do with the need 
for power.People who have al! o f their lower needs satisfied, often drive 
very expensive cars because doing so raises their level o f esteem. The need 
o f self-actualization is “the desire to become more and more what one is, to 
become everything that one is capable o f becoming.” People who have
everything can maximize their potential. They can seek knowledge, peace 
esthetic experiences, self-fulfillment, etc
Vocabulary
щ
To establish 
основывать
Hierarchy o f needs 
иерархия потребностей
Unsatisfied needs 
неудовлетворённая потребность
Exemplary 
показательньГй
Mentally ill 
психически больной
Safety 
безопасность
Esteem
Evil
оценка
злой
Basic needs 
основные нужды
Irritation 
раздражение
Ряіп 
боль
Security 
безопасность
Abusive 
склонный к насилию
Desire 
желание
То appreciate 
ценить 
Questions:
What is Abraham Maslow known for? What 
beings according to Maslow?
What kind o f people did Maslow study in on 
theory?
What needs does a person need to satisfy befor
unselfishly?
When
What are the very basic needs in Maslow’s hierarchy o f needs?
What needs are mostly psychological in nature?
What are the two kind o f esteem needs?
What is the need for self-actualization?
Can v ^ f m H th8"66 Wh? theuhierarchy f needs developed by Maslow? 
Can you find the examples where you coulld see this theory at work Do
you think it is universal? Do you think there can be exemptions?
JOK6S
Rogerian Therapist
44

Patient to Rogerian therapist: I’m really depressed.
Therapist: 1 see. Yes. You are depressed 
Patient:Nothing is going well 
Therapist: Nothing well 
Patient: I feel like killing myself 
Therapist: You are thinking o f killing yourself 
Patient: Yes. I am going to do it NOW.
Therapist: You want to do it now 
Patient: [Jumps out of the window]
Therapist: Woosh.Splat 
Quotations
A first-rate soup is more creative than a second-rate painting 
Abraham Maslow
Humanistic approach psychology of Carl Rogers
The humanistic approach was developed in America in the early 
1960’s.It was also called the third force in psychology since it aimed to 
replace the two main approaches in the field - behaviourism and 
psychoanalysis.
There are several factors which distinguish the humanistic approach 
from other approaches within psychology. There are the emphasis on 
subjective meaning, a rejection o f determinism, and a concern for positive 
growth rather than pathology. Most psychologists believe that behaviour 
can only be understood objectively (by an impartial observer), but the 
humanists argue that these results in concluding that an individual is 
incapable o f understanding their own behaviour. Instead, humanists like 
Rogers argue that the meaning o f behaviour is personal and subjective; they 
further argue that accepting this idea is unscientific, because ultimately all 
individuals are subjective: what makes science reliable is not that scientists 
are purely objective, but the nature o f observed events can be agreed upon 
by different observers. The humanistic approach aimed to investigate all 
the uniquely human aspects o f existence such as love, hope, creativity and 
emphasized the importance o f the individual’s 
interaction with the 
environment. Bugental, the first president o f the American Association for 
Humanistic Psychology and described some of its fundamental 
assumptions. First o f all, a proper understanding o f the human nature can 
be gained from studying humans, not animals. Second, psychology should 
study an individual case rather than the average group performance. Third, 
Psychology should study internal as well as behaviour and consider that 
individuals can show some degree o f free will. Carl Rogers was not the
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