Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка : учебное пособие
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Theoretical Grammar
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- 12. grammatical classes of Verbs
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Иванова И. П. теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка / и. п. иванова, в. в. бурлакова, г. г. почепцов. М., 1981. C. 46–47. Прибыток И. И. теоретическая грамматика английского языка / и. и. прибыток. М., 2008. с. 72–74.
A Course in Theoretical English Grammar / M. Y. Blokh. Moscow, 2004. P. 83–85.
The class of verbs falls into a number of subclasses distinguished by different semantic and lexico-grammatical features as well as their syntactic functions. The first division is between the set of verbs of full nominative value (notional verbs) and the set of verbs of partial nominative value (semi-notional and functional verbs). Notional verbs represent the bulk of the verbal lexicon. This set is derivationally open. It includes such grammatically relevant semantic subclasses as statal verbs, denoting the state of their subject (
,
,
,
,
,
etc), and actional verbs, expressing the action, performed by the subject ( do ,
,
,
,
,
etc). There are also terminative verbs, semantically related to the idea of a processual limit (e. g.
) and durative verbs, which are alien to any idea of a limit (e. g.
). The third categorization of notional verbs is based on their combinability. The finite verb as the centre of predication organizes all the other sentence members. This syntactic function of the verb results from its semantic compatibility with other words. Syntactic valency is the combining power of words in relations to other words in syntactically subordinate positions. The obligatory valency must necessarily be realized for the sake of the grammatical 42 completion of the syntactic construction (e. g. the subject and the direct object are obligatory valency partners of the verb in the sentence). The optional valency is not necessarily realized in grammatically complete constructions (e. g. most of the adverbial modifiers are optional parts of the sentence). In terms of syntactic valency all notional verbs are classified into complementive (taking obligatory adjuncts) and supplementive (taking optional adjuncts). Complementive and supplementive verbs fall into minor groups: complementive verbs are subdivided into predicative, objective, and adverbial verbs; supplementive verbs are subdivided into adverbial and objective. There are also personal and impersonal verbs. Objective verbs take any objects, including prepositional ones. Transitive verbs are able to take direct objects, but there are also ditransitive verbs, taking a direct object and an indirect object as their valency partners, or complex-transitive verbs, taking a direct object and an adverbial as their valency partners. Semi-notional and functional verbs serve as markers of predication as they show the connection between the content of the sentence and reality. These predicators include auxiliary verbs, link-verbs, modal verbs, and semi-notional verbal introducers. Auxiliary verbs (
,
,
,
,
, etc) constitute the grammatical elements of the categorical forms of the verb. Link verbs introduce the nominal part of a compound predicate (a predicative / complement). Their function is to link the subject with its predicated feature of identification or qualification. The class comprises the “pure link-verb”
and the “specifying link-verbs” falling into two main groups: those that express perceptions (
,
,
,
,
,
, etc) and those that express factual link-verb connection (
,
,
,
,
, etc). Besides the link verbs proper, there are also “the verbs of double predicate”. These are some notional verbs, which perform two functions simultaneously, combining the role of a full notional verb in a simple verbal predicate with the role of a link verb in a compound nominal predicate, e. g.
Such
double function is typical of verbs expressing motion and position. 43 Modal verbs ( can ,
,
,
,
,
,
etc) are used with the infinitive as predicative markers expressing the relational meanings of the subject attitude type i. e. ability obligation, permission, advisability, probability, etc. Modal verbs are defective in form, they are supplemented by stative groups, e. g. be able . The verbs be and
have in the modal meanings be planned ,
are considered as modal verbs and usually included in the list of modal verbs. Semi-notional verbal introducers are distributed among the sets of verbs of discriminatory relational semantics ( seem ,
,
,
come out , etc), of phasal semantics ( begin ,
,
,
, etc), of subject — action relational semantics ( try ,
,
,
,
,
love , etc). These predicator verbs should be distinguished from their grammatical homonyms in the class of notional verbs (
fight —
)
The verb of the first set are used in order to make up a compound verbal predicate with a modal meaning. The verbs of the second set are traditionally connected with a compound verbal phasal predicate (the synonymous term is a compound verbal aspect predicate). The functional problem arises with the verbs of the third set: according to one interpretation they make up a compound verbal predicate of attitudinal character (Blokh, Kaushanskaya, Kobrina et al), in the other approach they function in the sentence as a simple verbal predicate followed by an object in the form of the infinitive.
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