Alexander Fraser Tytler’s (1790) -three general ‘laws’ or ‘rules’:
(1) The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.
(2) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.
(3) The translation should have all the ease of the original composition.
Translation studies as a science
The word science was used by Nida in the title of his 1964 book (Toward a Science of Translating, 1964a).
Eugene A. Nida was an American linguist who developed the dynamic-equivalence Bible-translation theory and one of the founders of the modern discipline of translation studies.
The framework of ‘Translation studies’ as an academic discipline by the Dutch-based US scholar James S. Holmes (1972, 1988)
Conclusion
Translation was formerly studied as a language-learning methodology or as part of comparative literature, translation ‘workshops’ and contrastive linguistics courses.
Both a name and a structure for the translation studies was first proposed byJ.S. Holmes, but the context has now advanced.
Interrelated branches of theoretical, descriptive and applied translation studies initially structured research in TS.
The word ‘science’ toward translation was used by E.Nida (1964).
Control questions:
Translation is an object of ….
Social study;
Linguistics;
International relations;
Methods of FLT
2. What theories related to Translation studies were developed first?
Descriptive
Prescriptive
3. “Translation” may mean ….
a product;
a process;
a function;
all of them.
Control questions:
4) Which of the following is an example of intralingual, interlingual and inter semiotic translation?
a) Translation of a document from Kazakh into English?