Consciously applying rules to produce or understand the second language
Constructing a meaningful sentence or larger language sequence by combining known elements in a new way
Relating new information to visual concepts in memory via familiar, easily retrievable visualizations, phrases, or locations
Retention of the sound or a similar sound for a word, phrase, or longer language sequence
Remembering a new word in the second language by
(1) identifying a familiar word in the first language that sounds like or otherwise resembles the new word and
(2) generating easily recalled images of some relationship between the new word and the familiar word
Placing a word or phrase in a meaningful language sequence
Relating new information to other concepts in memory
Using previously acquired linguistic and/or conceptual knowledge to facilitate a new language learning task
Using available information to guess meanings of new items, predict outcomes, or fill in missing information
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