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№4 | 2021 51 The element of an interaction between people and the mutual dependence of their state is also indicated: Whan she is mery pan am y gladde [The Canterbury Tales, p.171] Gladness is a noun, derivative word which is formed from glad adjective and -nes suffix. Word formation process happened by means of adding -ess affix to the word stem glad noun was formed from adjective. It used together with joy, comfort, felicity. It also often refers to the looks of the person and collocates with chere ‘face’ or eyes, it usually meant ‘bright’. The noun appears in phrases “Joy” when the element of connection of emotions also shown: whan sche glaeth-he is glad Gladness also expressed through jumping and dancing: 1) Whan I mai hire ha beclippe, With such glanesse I daunce and skippe, Me thenkth I touché noght the flor [Confessio Amantis,p.4] It is used to name mood or behavior and for emotion in the strict sense 2) A man that is joyous and glad in herte, it hym conserueth floriss hynge in his age (Confessio Amantis, p.4) Another forms of glad such as gleadung, gladschipe became archaic in Modern English Mirth(mirthen)- is a noun, used with joy, glee, pleasance, game, goodness, bliss, comfort. It is appeared in verb phrases: find, have, live, get, make – Get mirth, finding mirthe, to have mirth, live in mirth, do mirth to somebody. Main cause mirth is in sex - make mirth-means to have sex. The word usually expressed through singing and entertainment 1) Lordes…gentlemen… and other Comyners have used the occupation of shotyng for their myrthes a sportes [The Canterbury Tales, p.156] 2) Alle maner of merth and mynstralcy [The Canterbury Tales, p.45] Mirth also used for describing beauty of nature, especially land: 3) Per wes al pa murhde pe aei mon mihte of penche [The Canterbury Tales,p.91] Mirth appeared while epithet for God: 4) Ihesu-myrth of herte GAINESSE (GAY) Gaines is not attested, and the adjectival form gay has been investigated instead. It appears in Confessio Amantis, Romaunt of the Rose, Troilus and Criseyde and The Canterbury Tales. It is predominantly used with reference to looks and clothes, where it means ‘well-dressed, elegant’. It appears only 9 times with the meaning ‘merry, joyous’, and occurs in such phrases as lusty ‘merry’ and gay, gay and amorous, gay and full of gladness, fresh and gay and jolly and gay. This feeling may arise from dancing or love and sexual intercourse. In fact, one of the senses of gay is ‘lewd, promiscuous’, as in 1) But in oure bed he was so fressh and gay [The Canterbury Tales,p.501] In Caxton’s Prose gay is used 4 times, once to describe the looks of a woman and 3 times in reference to rhetorically elegant phrases. MED has an entry gaines with the senses frivolity, merriment, pleasure; love of show and luxury; brightness, showiness, beauty of appearance; also elegance of literary style which suggest that the dead adjectival noun remained very close to the meaning of the adjective from which it was formed. LISSE In ME is increasingly used in the sense of ‘relief or ‘remedy’. The sense of ‘joy’ has become increasingly rare. According to MED it is used in the following verb phrases: live in/on lisse; send lisse to sb; have lisse. It co-occurs with related words such as bliss, rest, joy, love and contrasts with pain and woe. The link between the two main senses goes along the following lines: pain - relief = lack of pain- comfort, peace - joy. If this hypothesis is correct it would illustrate one of the possible conceptualizations of ‘joy’, i.e. as lack of suffering. OED suggests that lisse in the sense of ‘joy’ has become obsolete by late Middle English. WYNN |