Е. С. Закирова, П. А. Красавин Английский язык для технических вузов


READING Exercise 10. Read the text, try to focus on its essential facts and choose the most



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READING
Exercise 10. Read the text, try to focus on its essential facts and choose the most 
suitable heading given below for each paragraph.
1) Oil and Gas Production Equipment
2) The Primary Products and the Main Processes
3) The Stimulation of the Formation
OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY
The oil and gas industry is an important link in the energy supply of the 
countries. The primary products of the industry are crude oil, natural gas liq-
uids, and natural gas. The oil and gas extraction industry can be classified into 
four major processes: exploration, well development, production, and site 
abandonment. Exploration involves the search for rock formations associated 
with oil or natural gas deposits, and involves geophysical prospecting and/or 
exploratory drilling. Well development means the construction of one or more 
wells. Production is the process of extracting the hydrocarbons and separat-
ing the mixture of liquid hydrocarbons, gas, water, and solids; removing the 
constituents that are non-saleable; and selling the liquid hydrocarbons and 
gas. Finally, site abandonment involves plugging the well and restoring the site 
when a recently-drilled well lacks the potential to produce economic quanti-
ties of oil or gas.
Production equipment installation is of great importance. When drilling, 
casing, and testing operations are completed, the drilling rig is removed and 
the production rig is installed. In most cases, tubing is installed in the well 
which carries the liquids and gas to the surface. At the surface, a series of valves 
collectively called the Christmas tree because of its appearance is installed to 
control the flow of fluid from the well.
Pumps are added if the formation pressure is not sufficient to force the 
formation fluid to the surface. While some oil wells contain enough pressure 
to push oil to the surface, most oil wells drilled today require pumping. This 
is also known as artificial lift. Different types of pumps are available; the most 
common is the rod pump. The rod pump is suspended on a string of rods from 
a pumping unit, and the prime mover for pumping units can be an electric mo-
tor, or a gas engine. Equipment is usually installed on site to separate natural 
gas and liquid phases of the production and remove impurities. Finally, a pipe-


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line connection or storage container (tank) is connected to the well to facilitate 
transportation or store the product. In the case of natural gas, which cannot be 
stored easily, a pipeline connection is necessary before the well can be placed 
on production.
Christmas tree
In many oil and gas wells, one additional step is required — stimulating the 
formation by physical or chemical means so that the hydrocarbons can move 
more easily to the wellbore through the pores or fractures into the reservoir. 
This is usually done before installing a pump or when the pump is removed for 
maintenance. Some forms of stimulation such as acidizing and fracturing are 
commonly employed if required.


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