Notes to the Text
1. transmission shafts, gear wheels, belts and pulleys – трансмиссион-
ные валы, зубчатые колеса, ремни и блоки.
2. time and labour saving appliances – электроприборы, экономящие
время и труд.
3. induction motors – индукционные моторы.
4. per capita – на человека; на душу населения.
5. by-products – побочные продукты.
6. truly – поистине.
Vocabulary
advantage
–
преимущество
appearance
–
появление
application
–
применение, заявление
completely
– полностью, целиком
consumption
–
потребление, расход
to cover
–
охватить, охватывать
to design
– конструировать,
проектировать
device
–
прибор, устройство
to double
– удваивать
efficient
–
эффективный
to generate
– вырабатывать,
производить
to imagine
– представлять себе,
воображать
to invent
– изобретать
power
– энергия, мощность
property
–
свойство
recent
–
недавний, последний
to reduce
– уменьшать, снижать
to replace
– заменять
set up
(set) – воздвигать, сооружать
source
–
источник
state
–
положение, состояние
such as
– такой как
to transform
– преобразовывать
to turn
– поворачиваться,
обратиться; превратить (into)
wide
–
широкий
without
– без
whole
–
весь, целый
in the case
of – в случае
to be based on
– основываться,
быть основанным на…
Упражнения
●
Упражнение 1.
Определите, к какой части речи относятся произ-
водные слова, и переведите их:
invent – inventor, inventive, invention;
transform – transformer, transformation;
generate – generator, generation, generative;
pollute – polluter, pollutant, pollution;
6
effect – effective, effectively;
vary – variety, various;
possible – impossible, possibly, possibility;
complete – completely;
recent – recently;
replace – replacement;
economic – economical, economically.
●
Упражнение 2.
Найдите:
а) синонимы:
application, appliance, latest, power, use, enable, reach, device, longstand-
ing, make it possible, achieve, energy, transform, old, turn to, most recent;
б) антонимы:
future, unlimited, with, past, necessary, limited, old, unnecessary, without,
present.
●
Упражнение 3.
Ответьте на вопросы, используя слова и словосоче-
тания в скобках.
1. What is electricity? (a source of electric power used in everyday life
and industry) 2. What are the sources of electricity? (batteries, generators,
electric motors and many other devices) 3. What properties of electricity have
made it widely used? (electrostatics and electromagnetism) 4. What are the
advantages of electricity? (clearness, easy regulation, no byproducts, low
cost, improved service) 5. What are home uses of electricity? (lighting,
heating, various time and labour saving appliances, radio, television, video
and many others) 6. What are the latest industrial applications of electricity?
(lasers and electronic devices)
●
Упражнение 4.
Составьте предложения.
а)
b)
1. Electricity
2. The applications of electricity in
the home and industry
3. Electricity was used for the first
time
4. The generator, a new source of
electricity
5. Since the beginning of the 20-th
century
6. Today consumption of electricity
1. have already become universal.
2. has completely transformed our
everyday life.
3. per capita is an indicator of the state
of development of a nation.
4. the wide industrial use of electricity
has begun throughout the world.
5. was also developed in Paris.
6. for industrial purposes in the silver
workshops in Paris.
7
●
Упражнение 5.
Определите время и залог глагола сказуемого, пе-
реведите предложения.
1. It is evident that electricity will be the energy of the future. 2. The
transformer was invented and the first electric lines and networks were set up at
the end of the 19-th century. 3. New powerful electric stations must be built
because it is electricity that offers improved standards of life and work.
4. A combination of electric lines and networks are being set up throughout the
country. 5. Electric power has become universal. 6. Electricity is transmitted to
distant parts of this country by a combination of electric networks. 7. Our power
stations have been connected by high voltage transmission lines into several
networks.
●
Упражнение 6.
Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.
1. What is this text about? 2. What industrial applications of electricity do
you know? 3. What home applications of electricity do you know? 4. Where was
the generator developed? 5. Who invented the electric lamp? 6. Do you know
who invented the dynamo? 7. Can you imagine our life without electricity? Why?
●
Упражнение 7.
Найдите подлежащее и сказуемое в предложениях,
переведите.
1. That electricity is clean and easily-regulated is its great advantage.
2. The important fact is that electricity offers improved service at reduced cost.
3. That the two scientists Lodygyn and Yablochkov were the first in Russia to
work in the field of electrical engineering is well-known. 4. One of the main
advantages of electricity is that it does not pollute the environment. 5. The
indicator of nation development is how much electricity is consumed per capita.
6. What has been and is being done in environment protection cannot be
measured by yesterday's standards.
●
Упражнение 8.
Speak about:
1. Electricity – its nature, history and development.
2. Applications of electricity cover all fields of human activity.
TEXT 2
●Прочитайте и переведите текст.
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Introduction
One is tempted to talk of the seven ages of geothermal development. From
prehistory, natural hot springs have been used by man for bathing and cooking,
and there is some evidence of piped systems as early as the 14
th
century, but the
8
second age – the managed exploitation of heat from the Earth – really began
about one hundred years ago with the first piped heating systems in Europe and
the USA. These were followed closely by the first steps in commercial power
generation (as early as 1904 in Italy), which developed quietly but
unspectacularly up to the time of World War II
,
The third age (ca. 1950–1970)
was a period of slow consolidation, with systems developing slowly but – above
all – with far greater detailed knowledge of the underground and its exploration
emerging, primarily through the oil industry.
The fourth age (1973–1980) was the golden age of geothermal energy.
Spurred by the first oil shock and with a solid foundation of geological
knowledge, geothermal power stations began to appear in more than 30
countries. During this period, the growth rate of worldwide installed capacity
touched 14 % per year, and averaged 8.5 %. Similar though less spectacular
development occurred also in direct geothermal heating applications.
Worldwide Installed Geothermal Electric Capacity
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