Навчальний посібник для студентів ос «Бакалавр» галузі знань 03 «Гуманітарні науки»

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include pixies, giants, elves, bogeymen, trolls, goblins and dwarves. 
While 
many legends and folk-customs are thought to be ancient, such as the tales 
featuring Offa of Angeln and Weyland Smith,
others date from after the 
Norman invasion; Robin Hood and his Merry Men of Sherwood and their 
battles with the Sheriff of Nottingham being, perhaps, the best known.
During the High Middle Ages tales originated from Brythonic 
traditions, notably the Arthurian myth.
Deriving from Welsh source; King 
Arthur, Excalibur and Merlin, 
while 
the Jersey poet Wace introduced 
the Knights of the Round Table. These stories are most centrally brought 
together within Geoffrey of Monmouth's 
Historia Regum Britanniae
. Another 
early figure from British tradition, King Cole, may have been based on a real 
figure from Sub-Roman Britain. Many of the tales and pseudo-histories make 
up part of the wider Matter of Britain, a collection of shared British folklore. 
The Loch Ness Monster is a cryptid that is reputed to inhabit Loch 
Ness in the Scottish Highlands. The legendary monster has been 
affectionately referred to by the nickname 
Nessie
since the 1950s.
TheLeprechaun figures large in Irish folklore. A mischievous fairy type 
creature in emerald green clothing who when not playing tricks spend all their 
time busily making shoes, the Leprechaun is said to have a pot of gold hidden 
at the end of the rainbow, and if ever captured by a human it has the magical 
power to grant three wishes in exchange for release.
In mythology, English 
fairy tales such as 
Jack and the Beanstalk
 helped form the modern perception 
of giants as stupid and violent, while the legendary dwarf Tom Thumb is a 
traditional hero in English folklore. English fairy tale 
Goldilocks and the 
Three Bears
 is one of the most popular fairy tales in the English language.
Some folk figures are based on semi or actual historical people whose story 
has been passed down centuries; Lady Godiva for instance was said to have 
ridden naked on horseback through Coventry, the heroic English 

figure Hereward the Wake resisted the Norman invasion, Herne the Hunter is 
an equestrian ghost associated with Windsor Forest and Great Park, 
and Mother Shipton is the archetypal witch.
The chivalrous bandit, such 
as Dick Turpin, is a recurring character, while the colourful English 
pirates Blackbeard and Calico Jack are renowned.
The Gremlin is part 
of RAF folklore dating from the 1920s, with gremlin being RAF slang for a 
mischievous creature that sabotages aircraft, meddling in the plane's 
equipment. Legendary figures from 19th century London whose tales have 
been romanticized include Sweeney Todd, the murderous barber of Fleet 
Street, and serial killer Jack the Ripper. On 5 November, people in England 
make bonfires, set off fireworks and eat toffee apples in commemoration of 
the foiling of the Gunpowder Plot centred on Guy Fawkes, which became an 
annual event after 
The Thanksgiving Act
of 1606 was passed.
The Guy 
Fawkes mask is an emblem for anti-establishment protest groups.
Halloween is a traditional and much celebrated holiday in Scotland and 
Ireland on the night of 31 October.
The name 
Halloween
is first attested in the 
16th century as a Scottish shortening of the fuller 
All-Hallows-Even
,
and 
according to some historians has its roots in the gaelic festival Samhain, 
where the Gaels believed the border between this world and 
the otherworld became thin, and the dead would revisit the mortal world.
In 
1780, Dumfries poet John Mayne makes note of pranks at Halloween; 
"What 
fearfu' pranks ensue!"
, as well as the supernatural associated with the 
night, 
"Bogies"
(ghosts).
The bard of Scotland Robert Burns' 1785 poem 
"Halloween" is recited by Scots at
Halloween, and Burns was influenced by Mayne's composition.
In 
Scotland and Ireland, traditional Halloween customs include; Guising — 
children disguised in costume going from door to door requesting food or 
coins – which became practice by the late 19th century,
 turnips hollowed-out 

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and carved with faces to make lanterns,
holding parties where games such 
as apple bobbingare played.
Other 
practices 
in 
Ireland 
include 
lighting bonfires, 
and 
having firework displays.
Further contemporary imagery of Halloween is 
derived 
from Gothic and Horror literature(notably Shelley's 
Frankenstein
 and Stoker's
 
Dracula
), and classic horror films (such as Hammer Horrors). Mass 
transatlantic Irish and Scottish migration in the 19th century popularised 
Halloween in North America 

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