English for medical students посібник з англійської мови
HEPATITIS Exercise 1. Topic vocabulary
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- Exercise 2. Form the opposites by adding negative prefixes
- Exercise 4. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following word-combinations
- Exercise 5. Read and translate the text: HEPATITIS
| HEPATITIS
Exercise 1. Topic vocabulary:
Exercise 2. Form the opposites by adding negative prefixes: ______infectious, ______measures, ______ possible, ______capable, ______born, ______ protected, ______existent, ______contaminated, ______symptomatic. Exercise 3. Complete the table with missing forms:
Exercise 4. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following word-combinations: To recover from hepatitis within a few months; infected body fluids; suppurating sores; to remain a carrier capable of infecting others; to reveal hepatitis D antibodies in the blood; pain in the vicinity of the liver; shared hypodermic needles; liver failure; to worsen infections of hepatitis; almost non-existent, breast milk, to take countermeasures, personal items, blood transfusions, on physical examinations, contaminated water, incubation period, amount of the pigment, toxic chemicals and insecticides, low-grade fever. Exercise 5. Read and translate the text: HEPATITIS Hepatitis is a medical condition defined by the inflammation of the liver and characterized by the presence of inflammatory cells in the tissue of the organ. Hepatitis may be caused by a number of different argents, including viruses, bacteria, parasites, toxic drugs, toxins, or diseases of the immune system. Five viruses have been identified that specifically attack the liver and produce hepatitis A, B, C, D and E. Infectious mononucleosis, certain toxic chemicals and insecticides may cause hepatitis. Hepatitis can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term). If an individual with hepatitis remains symptomatic for more than a few months, the condition is considered chronic. All forms of hepatitis share similar symptoms, including dark urine, appetite loss, fatigue, bloating, jaundiced skin colouring, yellowing of the whites the eyes, nausea and vomiting, pain in the vicinity of the liver and low-grade fever. On physical examination the physician can reveal abnormal enlargement of the liver by palpitation. Liver function test include the measurement of specific enzymes that seep into blood if the liver is inflamed. The bilirubin test measures the amount of this pigment in the blood. Hepatitis A is usually spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with infected feces or through close contact with an infectious person. While children often do not have symptoms when infected they are still able to infect others. It is usually communicated as the result of poor hygiene or through personal contact. The incubation period for hepatitis A lasts about two or six weeks, so the disease can spread widely before countermeasures are taken. Most patients recover within a few months. Serious complications are rare. After a single infection, a person is immune for the rest of their life. Complications are possible among the elderly and those who already have liver problems, such as alcoholics. Hepatitis B is spread through infected body fluids like blood, semen, saliva, suppurating sores, or breast milk. It does not spread by simple physical contact, holding hands, sharing eating utensils, kissing, hugging, coughing, sneezing. The incubation period for hepatitis B lasts from one to six months, so it is usually impossible to tell how it was acquired. Once recovered, the infected person will be immune to any later reinfection with this particular virus, although person may contract one of the other hepatitis viruses. Someone infected with hepatitis B may fully recover and have no symptoms and yet remain a carrier capable of infecting others through sexual contact, shared hypodermic needles, and shared food or drinks. Many individuals who are infected with hepatitis C have no symptoms and never realize that they have the disease. Most people with hepatitis C become chronically infected. This disease is spread primarily by blood-to-blood contact associated with intravenous drug use, poorly sterilized medical equipment, and transfusions, tattoo procedures, shared personal items (e.g. toothbrushes, manicuring equipment). People with strong immune systems may recover spontaneously from hepatitis C without treatment. Those with chronic hepatitis C who are not treated or not cured by treatment may live normal lives, but they remain carriers of the disease and can infect others. Some people with chronic hepatitis C develop complications like cirrhosis, liver failure, or liver cancer. Hepatitis D attacks individuals who have already had hepatitis B. The virus does not cause the disease by itself but worsens infections of hepatitis B; a person may get the two forms of hepatitis at the same time. It is transmitted through the same routes as hepatitis B, through bodily fluids from shared IV needles or unprotected sex. Hepatitis D is usually suspected when the condition of someone with hepatitis B suddenly becomes severely worse. It is diagnosed with tests that reveal hepatitis D antibodies in the blood. Hepatitis E is almost non-existent in developed countries; it is found mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and in Asia. It is similar to hepatitis A and spreads primarily through contaminated water supplies, with an incubation period that lasts from about two to six weeks. It is not transmitted by sexual contact, contaminated blood, IV needles, or other bodily fluids. Most people with hepatitis E recover from it on their own within a few months. жүктеу/скачать 0,8 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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