Естественнонаучная грамотность. Минск: рикз, 2020. 168 с
The Competencies Required for Scientific Literacy
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The Competencies Required for Scientific Literacy Competency 1: Explain Phenomena Scientifically 17. The cultural achievement of science has been to develop a set of explanatory theories that have transformed our understanding of the natural world, such as the idea that day and night is caused by a spinning Earth, or the idea that diseases can be caused by invisible micro-organisms. Moreover, such knowledge has enabled us to develop technologies that support human life enabling such things as the prevention of disease and rapid human communication across the globe. The competency to explain scientific and technological phenomena is thus dependent on a knowledge of these major explanatory ideas of science. 18. Explaining scientific phenomena, however, requires more than the ability to recall and use theories, explanatory ideas, information, and facts ( content knowledge ). Offering scientific explanation also requires an understanding of how such knowledge has been derived and the level of confidence we might hold about any scientific claims. For this competency, the individual requires a knowledge of the standard forms and procedures used in scientific enquiry to obtain such knowledge ( procedural knowledge ) and an understanding of their role and function in justifying the knowledge produced by science ( epistemic knowledge ). Competency 2: Evaluate and Design Scientific Enquiry 19. Scientific literacy implies that students should have some understanding of the goal of scientific enquiry which is to generate reliable knowledge about the natural world (Ziman, 1979). Data collected and obtained by observation and experiment, either in the laboratory or in the field, lead to the development of models and explanatory hypotheses that enable predictions that can then be tested experimentally. New ideas, however, commonly build on previous knowledge. Scientists themselves rarely work in isolation and are members of research groups or teams that engage in extensive collaboration with colleagues both nationally and internationally. New knowledge claims are always perceived to be provisional and may lack justification when subjected to critical peer review – the mechanism which the scientific community has established to ensure the objectivity of scientific knowledge (Longino, 1990). Hence scientists have a commitment to publish or report their findings and the methods used in obtaining the evidence. Doing so enables empirical studies, at least in principle, to be replicated and results confirmed or challenged. Measurements, however, can never be absolutely precise. Rather, they all contain a degree of error. Much of the work of the experimental scientist is, therefore, devoted to the resolution of uncertainty by repeating measurements, collecting larger samples, building instruments that are more accurate, and using statistical techniques that assess the degree of confidence in any result. 20. In addition, science has well established procedures such as the use of controls that are the foundations of a logical argument to establish cause and effect. The use of controls enables the scientist to claim that any change in a perceived outcome can be attributed to a change in one specific feature. Failure to use such techniques leads to results where effects are confounded and cannot be trusted. Likewise, double-blind trials enable scientists to claim that the results have not been influenced either by the subjects of the experiment, or by the experimenter themselves. Other scientists such as taxonomists and ecologists are engaged in the process of identifying underlying patterns and interactions in the natural world that warrant a search for an explanation. In other cases, such as evolution, plate tectonics or climate change, science relies on arguments that are an inference to the best explanation examining a range of hypotheses and eliminating those which do not fit with the evidence. 21. Facility with this competency draws on content knowledge, a knowledge of the common procedures used in science ( жүктеу/скачать 4,47 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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