Hedging For all I know
May/might be
Probably possibly apparently obviously
Seem appear suggest
As reported/estimated by
According to
To the best of my knowledge
I presume/presumably
It seems reasonable to assume
It is generally acknowledged
To all appearances
In all probability
I may suggest that
It is doubtful that
It stands to reason that
Addition Also
Again
Correspondingly
Furthermore
Further
I might add
Moreover
In brief
Altogether
What is more
Above all
As well as
In addition
Likewise
Similarly
In the same way
Conclusion In conclusion
To sum up (briefly)
To conclude
In brief
Altogether
Overall
Thus
All in all
In a word
On the whole
What I have been saying is
In short
It all amounts to
As has been noted
Cause-consequence So/therefore/thus
Consequently
As a result/consequence of
Hence
Accordingly
For that reason
On account of
Due/owing to the fact
Since
Digression By the way
I might note in passing
If you come to think of it
As for/as to
Condition If/even if/unless provided
Assuming that
In the event of
In case
Contradiction Nevertheless
And yet
Although
On the other hand/on the contrary,
In spite of, however,
Instead
Conversely
By (way of) contrast
Whereas
Otherwise
In contrast to
Personal opinion The way I see it
Speaking personally
Personally I
Speaking for myself
In my view
In my opinion
To my mind
Paraphrasing In other words
Let me put it this way
To put it another way
That is to say
Or, rather
Or, better
Concession After all
Notwithstanding
In any case
At any rate
For all that
At the same time
In spite of sth/despite sth
Even if/though
Still
Or else
Purpose To this end
For this purpose
With this object in view
Illustration of ideas Let me give you some examples
For example/for instance
A case in point is
In the same way
By the same token
To illustrate this point
An example/instance of this may be
Let's take… for instance
Such as
Transition As for/as concerns
With reference to
Concerning
In terms of
With regard to
Regarding
Speaking of
Reservation Excluding
Except for
With the exception of
To the exclusion of
Excepting
Listing Firstly, secondly/thirdly
My next point is
Lastly
Finally
And namely
Besides
First and foremost
To begin/start with
Last but not the least
On the one/other hand
Making a point It must be admitted that
What I mean to say is
There are two points I'd liked to emphasize
I have every reason to believe
There is no point in denying
It is worth noting that
It is note/mention-worthy
I would like to stress/emphasize
I'd like to press the point
I particularly want to emphasize
I'd like to call/draw your attention to the fact that
ATTACHMENT 2. CONVERSATIONAL FORMULAS Abridged from A.Medvedev. English Conversational Formulas http://english-l.chat.ru/
FORMS OF ADDRESS When addressing people in English we usually call our friends by their first name, for example, John or Mary. When speaking to someone whom we know less well, we use Mr./ Mrs./ Miss followed by the surname.
Sir – used to a man who is clearly older and/or more senior than oneself.
It is also used:
by shop assistants, waiters, etc. to their male customers; by schoolchildren to men-teachers;
as a polite form of address to a stranger, even if not older or more senior. However, this is not common in Britain, where the usual way of addressing a stranger is Excuse me, please. d) Madam – used by shop assistants, waiters, etc. to their female customers. It is not used when addressing women-teachers (here Mrs./ Miss with surname is used), nor when addressing an older or more senior woman. It is only rarely used to address a stranger, "Excuse me, please" being the usual form.
e) Doctor – used alone only to medical practitioners. When addressing a person with the degree the surname is always included, for example, Dr. Brown. f) Professor – used either with or without the surname, depending on how formal or informal one wishes to be. (Simply Professor is more formal.)
General/Colonel/Captain, etc. – also used wither with or without the surname.
Ladies and Gentlemen – to an audience
With waiters, porters, people simply try to catch their eye, for example, or say Excuse me, (please).
Officer – to a policeman, but most people approaching a policeman for information or help use Excuse me, (please), without any form of address.
Within the family:Mammy, Daddy, Granny (sometimes Gran or Nanny), Grandad , Auntie and Uncle usually with the first name. Aunt is often used instead of Auntie by older children and adults, particularly in formal situations.
