Key words:
new psychoactive substances, addiction, bipolar disorder.
Background.
Drug addiction is a
mental disorder that includes variable clinical
symptoms and abnormalities. Behavioral
problems and social disadaptation are the most
prevalent and noticeable signs of addictive
pathology. The crisis in personal and social life
of an addict is reflected in problems at school
and work, neglected appearance, money issues,
while also being considerably exaggerated -
among other factors - by stigma and comorbid
mental disorders. According to the National
Institute of Drug Abuse, multiple national
population surveys in the U.S. have found that
about half of those who experience a mental
illness during their lives will also experience
a substance use disorder and vice versa [1].
These mental health diagnoses include the
following: generalized anxiety disorder,
panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder,
attention-deficit
hyperactivity
disorder,
depression and bipolar disorder, antisocial
personality disorder. The crosstalk between
substance use and psychiatric comorbidity lies
in common pathogenetic pathways, as well as
exaggerated psychological vulnerability and
social marginalization of people suffering from
double diagnoses. As a result, clinical picture
of the comorbidity can be complicated by
symptom overlap and symptom fluctuations,
where the primary agent or pathological cause
is hard to identify.
Baldacchino and Corkery (2006) defined
comobidity as “the presence or coexistence
of additional diseases with reference to an
initial diagnosis or to the index condition that
is being examined” [2]. The Substance Abuse
and Mental Health Services Administration
(SAMSHA) uses the term “co-occurring
disorders”. The WHO specified drug addiction
with parallel mental issues with the term “dual
diagnosis” underlining the high frequency of
co-occurrence and a range of pathogenetic
commonalities.
The double-diagnosis includes two
categories of clinical interactions: concurrent
and successive ones. Against the backdrop
of psychiatric disorders, substance use with
the intention of self-medication can act
as a mitigating factor in the development
of primary mental issues. For instance,
people with depression symptoms alleviate
affective and cognitive symptoms by using
amphetamine-type drugs [3, 4]. Meanwhile,
the aggravating impact of substance use on
basic mental problems is described in medical
literature rather often and explicitly [5–7].
Every clinician who works with patients
suffering from dual diagnosis is aware of
a range of challenges raised by diagnostic,
treatment and rehabilitation restrictions related
to this category of patients. As an illustration,
schizophrenic patients with psychotic
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