«xviii сәтбаев оқулары» 1 Ќазаќстан республикасы білім жєне ѓылым министрлігі
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» сериясы «XVIII СӘТБАЕВ ОҚУЛАРЫ» 152 153 prone to die. So, three questions arise from this why are they dying, is it important to save them and how can we prevent their extinction? It is not a secret that languages play a huge role in our everyday life and it is impossible to imagine the life without them, all fields of life would be affected. Communities which languages are endangered can lose their history, poetry, and culture. For example, Eyak an Alaskan language in south-central Alaska is dying out, there is a small community that speaks this language explains their pain by the poem: «K’aadih ulah uuch’ q’e’ iiłi’ee. SitinhGayuudik six ̣ a’ iinsdi’ahł. Aan, deelehtdal dlaGaxuu, ts’it dlaGaxuu atxsłilahł? AtGaxłalaał. Useless to go back there. My uncles too have all died out on me. Yes, why is it I alone, just I alone have managed to survive? I survive» [3]. Now 2018 and no one can understand this poem, but in this poem problem of extinction of the language is included. Eyaks expressed their pain and disappointment to show people that it is sadly to lose your native language. People of vanishing community can only watch how their language and culture disappear. So, language defines our collective and individual identities. As I mentioned before it affects history too, due to the fact that with every word, which is vanishing, we are on one step lag behind development, we are losing our chance to understand the world. Because endangered languages could be a great source of information to which, unfortunately, we do not have access now. Although, it was possible for scientists to find new medicine because speakers of endangered languages knew detailed information about flora and fauna of their area. For instance, Nettle and Romaine claim, «Many Hawaiians have now forgotten more of that local knowledge accumulated and handed down orally over the past 2,000 years than western scientists will ever learn» [4]. Also, linguists could find data about not certified linguistic forms, which would help them to develop the way people speak now in the world. Therefore, I assume that it is important to save endangered languages because they are tools to understand our ancestor’s life and if even one language dies we may not succeed in our research to ancient life. Therefore, I am going to show you causes of extinction of languages. First and foremost, not all languages in the world are allowed to speak even privately and sometimes government even release law which you cannot ignore. Otherwise, consequences can be deplorable. For instance, in Turkey, the existence of Kurdish was officially denied. They were called «Mountain Turks» because their native name was not allowed and there was censorship associated with the Kurdish language. It all happened because the Kurds are a distinct ethnicity and Turks wanted to promote Turkish nationalism, so they tried to destroy Kurdish culture with help of banning the Kurdish language in 1991. Because of this Kurdish was on the brink of extinction but now situation becomes a little better. The EU has declared support for communities, whose rights for speaking their native languages were violated [5]. Secondly, physical loss of speakers affects it too. Physical loss of speakers can be because of genocide, natural disasters, and other similar incidents. Moureen Hoffmann maintained that in 2009 in Aragon was the conference, where genocide on an indigenous community in Rondônia State, Brazil was discussed. In Brazil in twentieth-century entire Akuntsú tribe underwent genocide and now there are only seven tribal members of this community. So, Akuntsú language is one of the most endangered languages in Brazil now. Also, some countries affected by tsunami and flood. Related to the magazine «the New Republic» Dusner language has the only small number of people, because of the flood in 2010 in Papua, Indonesia. Well then, nature has an indirect and direct effect on physical loss of speakers [6]. Thirdly, a disintegration of the language community, because of displacement in the past, assimilation and economic purposes, affects extinction of languages. When people moved from one area to another, where language was another, they had to learn the language; otherwise, they would have strained relationship with locals. For instance, according to Anouschka Foltz speakers of Proto-Indo-European migrated to countries of Europe and Asia 8000 years ago and they brought massive language change and language death [7]. There are many such examples and it continues now too. Increase in migration leads to the death of language. The increasing use of other languages causes the death of indigenous ones. One phenomenon today is English, which is studied all over the world because it is primary language in science, trade, technology, and education. According to Nettle and Romaine «by 1966, English was the language of 70 percent of the world’s mail and 60 percent of radio and television broadcasts» [8]. Also, knowing English will help to find a job and have easier access to information, which is mostly in English now. And unfortunately while studying new language people forget their native one. To realize that we live in the world where more than 6000 endangered languages exist is horrible. All our spheres of development depend on language. So, it is extremely important to save all languages |