ПоәК 042-18-38-92/03-2013 №1 басылым

1. An Ion is an atom or group of atoms with an electric charge.

2. A normal atom is electrically neutral. In other words, there are as many protons in the nucleus as there are electrons which rotate around the nucleus.

3. A hydrogen atom has one proton and one electron; nitrogen has seven protons and seven electrons; oxygen has eight protons and eight electrons and so on.

4. The electrons that rotate around the nuclei form an interesting pattern. They are not all in the same plane, but follow closed paths, first a small one quite near the nucleus, then a wider one outside that, and so on. The first path, or ring, may contain no more than 2 electrons; the second ring may contain no more than 8; the third ring 8; in some cases, 18, the next one 18, and so on. In most atoms the inner rings have their full complements of electrons, but the other ring lacks one or more electrons.

5. When an electron leaves an atom, it destroys electrical balance. The atom becomes an ion.

6. To repeat – a normal atom has electrical balance. An ion may have its outer rings of electrons complete; in other words it may have structural balance but it does not have electrical balance.