Учебное пособие Казань-2016 Сайфуллина М. Н., Хабирова Н. М. English for Physicists
particle. A Higgs field would fill the vacuum of space with Higgs bosons
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Posobie dlya fizikov Habirova Sajfullina ispravv
particle. A Higgs field would fill the vacuum of space with Higgs bosons, just as the electromagnetic field fills the vacuum of space with photons. Two detectors were created to search for the Higgs boson: (1) CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid) and (2) ATLAS (A Toroidal LHS ApparatuS). Neither detector could detect a Higgs boson directly, but the Higgs boson rapidly decays into photons, Z or W bosons, or fermions, which CMS and ATLAS can detect. Detection is most accurate for decay into two photons, but that mode of decay only happens 0.2-0.3% of the time. The probability of a Higgs boson being produced from a single high-energy proton collision is about one in ten trillion (1 X 1013) because the interaction between quarks and gluons with the strong nuclear force are far more powerful than their interaction with the Higgs field. A Higgs boson could be formed from gluons from the colliding protons fusing together, or by quarks from the protons emitting Z or W bosons that fuse. Following the discovery of the Higgs boson, the LHC can focus on learning more about that boson's 18 properties - and possibly explain why the Higgs boson is required to give particles a mass. The LHC could validate or invalidate models of supersymmetry which double the number of particles in the standard model by pairing every boson with a fermion superparticle - and pairing every fermion with a boson superparticle (somewhat analogous to antimatter). However, most particle physicists are hoping to make discoveries with the LHC that gets beyond the Standard Model, including an understanding of dark matter. The Standard Model treats fundamental particles as point-like entities having no dimensions, adjusted for by a kludge called renormalization. String theory removes the need for renormalization and provides mathematically satisfying explanations for many other problems. But string theory has still not fulfilled its promise of unifying gravity and quantum mechanics. Nor has it produced testable hypotheses, because strings could only be measured at energies well beyond the capacities of existing particle accelerators. Some physicists worry that aesthetic elegance is displacing evidence as the basis of physical theory. (Adopted from www.benbest.com ) жүктеу/скачать 1,1 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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