Учебно практическое пособие


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Широкая Е.В.Иностранный язык Учебно-практическое пособие

1. Read and translate the text 
Let’s take a look at the history of the computers that we know today. The very first 
calculating device used was the ten fingers of a man’s hands. This, in fact, is why 
today we count in tens and multiply of tens. Then the abacus was invented, a bead 
frame in which the beads are moved from left to right. People went on using some 
form of abacus well into the 16th century, it is being used in some parts of the 
world because it can be understood without knowing how to read.
During the 17th and 18th centuries many people tried to find easy ways of 
calculating. J. Napier, a Scotsman, devised a mechanical way of multiplying and 
dividing, which is how the modern slide rule works. Henry Briggs used Napier’s 
ideas to produce logarithm which all mathematicians used today. 
Calculus, another branch of mathematics, was independently invented by both Sir 
Isaac Newton, an Englishman, and Leibnitz, a German mathematician. The first 
real calculating machine appeared in 1820 as the result of several people’s 
experiments. This type of machine, which saves a great deal of time and reduces 
the possibility of making mistakes, depends on a ten-toothed gear wheels.
In 1830 Charles Babbage, an Englishman, designed a machine that was called ‘The 
Analytical Engine’. This machine, which Babbage showed at the Paris Exhibition 
in 1855, was an attempt to cut out the human being altogether, expert for providing 
the machine with the necessary facts the problem to be sowed. He never finished 
this work, but many of his ideas were the basis for building today’s computers. 
In 1930, the first analog computer was built by American named Vannevar Bush. 
The device was used in World War II to help aim guns. Mark I, the name given to 
the first digital computer, was completed in 1944. The men responsible for this 
invention were Professor Howard Aiken and some people from IBM. This was the 
first machine that could figure out long of mathematical problems all at a very fast 
speed.
In 1946 two engineers at the University of Pennsylvania, J. Eckert and J. Mayshly, 
built the first digital computer using parts called vacuum tubes. They named their 
new invention UNIAC. The first generation of computers, which used vacuum 
tubes, came out in 1950. UNIAC I was an example of these computers which could 
perform thousands of calculations per second.


In 1960, the second generation of computers was developed and could perform 
work ten times faster than their predecessors. The reason for this extra speed was 
the use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes. Second generation computers were 
smaller, faster and more dependable than first generation computers. 
The third-generation computers appeared on the market in 1965. These computers 
could do a million calculations a second, which is 1000 times faster than the first 
generation computers. Unlike second-generation computers, these are controlled 
by tiny integrated circuits and are consequently smaller and more dependable.
Fourth-generation computers have now arrived, and the integrated circuits that are 
being developed have been greatly reduced in size. This is due to 
microminiaturization, which means that the circuits are much smaller than before; 
as many as 1000 tiny circuits now fit onto a single chip. A chip is a square or 
rectangular piece of silicon, usually from 1/10 to ¼ inch, upon which several layers 
of an integrated circuit are attached or imprinted, after which the circuit is 
encapsulated in plastic metal. Fourth generation computers are 50 times faster than 
third-generation computers and can complete approximately 1.000.000 instructions 
per second. 


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