Тақырыбы: Psycholinguistics as a science. Role of psycholinguistics

1. Psycholinguistics.

2. The relationship of psycholinguistics and linguistics

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Лекция мазмұны:

One more moment which we have to mention when talking about language learning is such comparatively young branch and connecting link between person (psychology) and speech (linguistics) is Psycholinguistics.

Psycholinguistics (PL) - the science that studies the psychological and linguistic aspects of people’s speech activities, social and psychological aspects of language use in the processes of verbal communication and personal speech-thinking activities.

The subject of the study of PL is primarily a verbal activity as a specifically human activity, its psychological content, structure, types (methods), in which it occurs, the forms in which it is implemented, performed, its functions. As noted by the founder of the national school of psycholinguistics A.A. Leontiev, "the subject of psycholinguistics is the speech activity as a whole and the laws of its integrated simulation".

Another major subject of psycholinguistics study serves language as the primary means of speech and individual speech-thinking activities, functions of the main characters of languages in speech communication. "In psycholinguistics the relationship between content, motive and form of speech and between the structure and elements of the language used in the speech utterance are always in focus".

Finally, another major subject of research is human speech, considered as a way to implement speech activities (speech as a psycho-physiological process of generation and perception of speech utterances, various types and forms of verbal communication).

The presence of not one but several subjects of PL research due to the specifics of this area of scientific knowledge, that psycholinguistics is "synthetic", a complex science that has arisen on the basis of a peculiar and unique association, the partial merger of two ancient sciences of human civilization - Psychology and the science of language (Linguistics).

Allocation as a major and independent subject of PS’s - psychophysiological process of generation and perception of speech occurs in the works of a number of domestic and foreign researchers, and the most complete scientific justification for such approach is presented in works of I.A. Zimnija.

In one of his works of the last period, A.A. Leontiev points out that the goal of psycholinguistics is "considering the features of the mechanisms of generation and perception of speech in connection with the functions of speech activity in society and the development of personality". According to this the subject of PL "is the structure of the speech production processes and speech perception as they relate to the structure of language". In turn, psycholinguistic research focuses on the analysis of human language ability in relation to the verbal activity, on the one hand, and the system of language - on the other.

There is still no single, universally accepted definition of the research subject of psycholinguistics in domestic and foreign science, in different directions and schools of psycholinguistics, it is determined differently. However, some domestic researchers and many teachers of high schools use a generalized definition of the subject of psycholinguistics, as proposed by Leontiev A.A: "The subject of psycholinguistics is the relationship between personality structure and functions of verbal activity, on the one hand, and language as the main "image" the image of the world's people - with another ".

The object of psycholinguistics study – a person as a subject of speech and language supporter, the process of dialogue and communication in human society (the principal means of which speech activity serves), as well as the formation of speech and language acquisition in ontogenesis (in the course of person’s individual development). As pointed out by A.A. Leontiev, the object of psycholinguistics is always a set of speech events and speech situations. In this case, the most important object of PL research is the subject of verbal activity - people using these activities to master the surrounding reality (ideal and material). Methods for studying psycholinguistics, as well as other methods of linguistic sciences, can be divided into three broad groups: general methodology, a special (i.e., concrete-scientific) methodology, specific (concrete-scientific) research methods.

Communication of psycholinguistics (as the theory of speech activity) with the other sciences are diverse, as the speech activity is directly connected with all kinds of nonverbal activity, and a man, like his diverse and multifaceted activity, - the object of so many sciences. Let’s note the most important and frequently performed in practice communications. Psycholinguistics "organically" and inextricably linked with:

- philosophy which promotes the general direction of research;

- psychology (general, age, social, special psychology and many other areas of it). Without data of practical psychology psycholinguistics, as some researchers point (A. A. Leontiev, L. Sugar, P. M. Frumkin, etc.) can not be sufficiently independent science;

- linguistics (general linguistics, philosophy of language, a language grammar, sociolinguistics, etc.);

- semiotics - the science of language signs and their meaning;

- logics (the problems of psycholinguistic research is most often elect to host a logic of scientific inquiry);

- sociology. Here we should mention, in particular, a studies in psycholinguistics of a very important for the identity relations: speech activity - different levels of socialization (personal, group, global, etc.);

- medicine, mainly from neurology, which helped a lot in studies and rules of speech pathology, and psychiatry, otolaryngology, and several other medical sciences, with logopathology, speech therapy and other sciences supplying a lot of valuable data for understanding the processes of generation and perception of speech;

- some technical sciences (in particular, those that allow hardware and computer software research of speech and language signs) with the acoustics and psychoacoustics, etc.

Visualized Illustration of these links is presented in Illustration – 1.2

Illustration 1.2 - Links of psycholinguistics with other science

Finally, it is closely linked with ethnic psychology. In its practical aspect of psycholinguistics is associated with various applications of psychology: from educational psychology, special psychology (in particular, pathopsychology, medical psychology, neuropsychology), the psychology of work, including engineering, space and military psychology, the judicial and legal psychology, and finally with political psychology, psychology of mass culture, the psychology of advertising and propaganda. These applied problems that social development has set to the psychology, are served as the trigger for the emergence of psycholinguistics as an independent scientific field".