Е. А. Огнева Лингвострановедение: британская палитра Учебное пособие
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- /http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party/ Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill
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131 1983 and 1987 General Elections, the SDP joined the Liberal Party in the SDP-Liberal Alliance. After a ballot of members and the passing of a motion at the 1987 Portsmouth conference, the party merged with the Lib- eral Party in 1988 to form the Liberal Democrats, although a mi- nority left to form a continuing SDP led by David Owen. /http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party/ Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a British politician, best known for his leadership of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. Widely regarded as one of the greatest wartime leaders of the 20th century, he served as Prime Minister twice (1940–45 and 1951–55). A noted statesman and orator, Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, a historian, a writer, and an artist. He is the only British prime minister to have received the Nobel Prize in Literature. 132 Приложение 8. History of Education in Great Britain The history of education in England can be traced back to the Anglo-Saxons settlement of England, or even back to the Roman occupation. During the Middle Ages, schools were estab- lished to teach Latin grammar, while apprenticeship was the main way to enter practical occupations. Two universities were estab- lished: the University of Oxford, followed by the University of Cambridge. A reformed system of "free grammar schools" was established in the reign of Edward VI of England. So-called pub- lic schools have a long history in England; some were set up be- fore the 10th century. Many public schools were charitable foun- dations; however they gradually started charging fees. In England the Tudor King Edward VI reorganised gram- mar schools or instituted new ones so that there was a national system of "free grammar schools" that were in theory open to all and offered free tuition to those who could not afford to pay fees. The vast majority of poor children did not attend these schools since their labour was economically valuable to their families. In 1564, the Statute of Artificers and Apprentices was passed to regulate and protect the apprenticeship system, forbid- ding anyone from practising a trade or craft without first serving a 7-year period as an apprentice to a master (though in practice Freemen's sons could negotiate shorter terms). Following the Act of Uniformity in 1662, religious dissent- ers set up academies to cater for students who did not wish to subscribe to the articles of the Church of England. Some of these 'dissenting academies' still survive, the oldest being Bristol Bap- tist College. Several Oxford Colleges (Harris Manchester, Mans- field, and Regent's Park) are also descendents of this movement. From 1692, 'parish' apprenticeships under the Elizabethan Poor Law came to be used as a way of providing for poor, ille- gitimate and orphaned children of both sexes alongside the regu- lar system of skilled apprenticeships, which tended to provide for boys from slightly more affluent backgrounds. These parish ap- prenticeships, which could be created with the assent of two Jus- |