Е. А. Огнева Лингвострановедение: британская палитра Учебное пособие
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Ogneva E. Lingvostranovedenie
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133 tices of the Peace, supplied apprentices for occupations of lower status such as farm labouring, brickmaking and menial household service. Until as late as the nineteenth century, all university fel- lows and many schoolmasters were expected or required to be in holy orders. Schoolmistresses typically taught the three Rs (read- ing, writing and 'rithmetic) in dame schools, charity schools, or informal village schools. In the 19th century the Church of England was responsible for most schools until the establishment of free, compulsory education towards the end of that century. University College London was established, followed by King's College London; the two colleges forming the University of London. Durham Univer- sity was also established in the early 19th century. Towards the end of the century the "redbrick" universities were founded. The Elementary Education Act 1880 insisted on compul- sory attendance from 5-10 years. For poorer families, ensuring their children attended school proved difficult, as it was more tempting to send them working if the opportunity to earn an ex- tra income was available. Attendance Officers often visited the homes of children who failed to attend school, which often proved to be ineffective. Children under the age of 13 who were employed were required to have a certificate to show they had reached the educational standard. Employers of these children who weren't able to show this were penalised. An act brought into force thirteen years later went under the name of the "Ele- mentary Education (School Attendance) Act 1893", which stated a raised minimum leaving age to 11. Later the same year, the act was also extended for blind and deaf children, who previously had no means of an official education. This act was later amended in 1899 to raise the school leaving age up to 12 years of age. The Free Education Act 1891 provided for the state pay- ment of school fees up to ten shillings per week. The Elementary Education (School Attendance) Act 1893 raised the school leav- ing age to 11 and later to 13. The Elementary Education (Blind and Deaf Children) Act of the same year extended compulsory |