Е. С. Закирова, П. А. Красавин Английский язык для технических вузов
READING Exercise 10. Read the text, try to focus on its essential facts and choose the most
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T A Karpova Anglysky dlya tekhnicheskikh vuzov (1)
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- OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY
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Exercise 10. Read the text, try to focus on its essential facts and choose the most suitable heading given below for each paragraph. 1) Oil and Gas Production Equipment 2) The Primary Products and the Main Processes 3) The Stimulation of the Formation OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY The oil and gas industry is an important link in the energy supply of the countries. The primary products of the industry are crude oil, natural gas liq- uids, and natural gas. The oil and gas extraction industry can be classified into four major processes: exploration, well development, production, and site abandonment. Exploration involves the search for rock formations associated with oil or natural gas deposits, and involves geophysical prospecting and/or exploratory drilling. Well development means the construction of one or more wells. Production is the process of extracting the hydrocarbons and separat- ing the mixture of liquid hydrocarbons, gas, water, and solids; removing the constituents that are non-saleable; and selling the liquid hydrocarbons and gas. Finally, site abandonment involves plugging the well and restoring the site when a recently-drilled well lacks the potential to produce economic quanti- ties of oil or gas. Production equipment installation is of great importance. When drilling, casing, and testing operations are completed, the drilling rig is removed and the production rig is installed. In most cases, tubing is installed in the well which carries the liquids and gas to the surface. At the surface, a series of valves collectively called the Christmas tree because of its appearance is installed to control the flow of fluid from the well. Pumps are added if the formation pressure is not sufficient to force the formation fluid to the surface. While some oil wells contain enough pressure to push oil to the surface, most oil wells drilled today require pumping. This is also known as artificial lift. Different types of pumps are available; the most common is the rod pump. The rod pump is suspended on a string of rods from a pumping unit, and the prime mover for pumping units can be an electric mo- tor, or a gas engine. Equipment is usually installed on site to separate natural gas and liquid phases of the production and remove impurities. Finally, a pipe- 240 line connection or storage container (tank) is connected to the well to facilitate transportation or store the product. In the case of natural gas, which cannot be stored easily, a pipeline connection is necessary before the well can be placed on production. Christmas tree In many oil and gas wells, one additional step is required — stimulating the formation by physical or chemical means so that the hydrocarbons can move more easily to the wellbore through the pores or fractures into the reservoir. This is usually done before installing a pump or when the pump is removed for maintenance. Some forms of stimulation such as acidizing and fracturing are commonly employed if required. жүктеу/скачать 4,38 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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