Е. С. Закирова, П. А. Красавин Английский язык для технических вузов


c) find the definitions for some other words which you consider to be important



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c) find the definitions for some other words which you consider to be important 
for the topic “Science and Technology”. Use the website www.macmillan-
dictionaries.com 
EXPLORING GRAMMAR
Exercise 8. Read the sentences, point out the Perfect Tenses. Give the Russian 
equivalents. If you have some difficulties, use the grammar reference at the 
end of the book.
1. The boundaries between scientific fields have become less clear. 2. Has 
he ever researched this problem? 3. Scientific theories consist of general prin-
ciples or laws that attempt to explain how and why something happens or has 
happened. 4. They will have translated the text by the end of the lesson. 5. The 
window had already been opened when they entered the room. 6. The scien-
tific article has been recently written by him. 7. He has never told the truth. 
8. He has found shelter in a small village. 9. Many fields of science have ap-
peared. 10. Scientific knowledge has grown and become more complicated.
Exercise 9. Make up your own sentences according to the models. 
Model A
: He entered the university last year.
He has already entered the university.
1. He tested it experimentally two days ago. 2. Yesterday he translated the 
scientific article. 3. They solved complicated mathematical problems not long 
ago. 4. She read this book last week. 5. She wrote her composition yesterday. 


57
Model B: 
She didn’t write an article.
She hasn’t written an article yet.
1. He didn’t pass the exam. 2. The scientists didn’t test this phenomenon 
experimentally. 3. They didn’t solve the problem. 4. She didn’t read the article. 
5. He didn’t explain why it happens. 
READING
Exercise 10. Read the text, try to focus on its essential facts and choose the most 


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