Е. В. Дмитриева
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| FOSSIL FUELS
Solid Fuels In this field, technical improvements in terms of thermal efficiency play a vital role in fostering market penetration of new systems. In the solid fuel sector much attention has been paid to the so-called «clean coal technologies». This is due to a recognition of the continuing importance of this fuel, especially in de- veloping countries, but coupled with the need to improve the environmental and thermal performance of the combustion process. Most large scale conventional power plants have net thermal efficiencies in the order of 38 % for hard coal and 35 % for brown coal. New systems are be- ing developed which are aimed at increasing this, over the medium-term, to at least 50 %. This will result in a reduction of 0.21 kg of CO 2 per kWh generated per hard coal, and 0.34 kg/kWh generated for brown coal. In the EU countries alone, this equates to a CO 2 reduction of 180 million tons per year; in line with targets set in the context of the climate change debate. This increased efficiency leads to lower fuel costs per unit of output, thought to equate to a reduction of some 2.5 EU/MWh in generating costs. For a 1 Gwe plant operating for 7,000 hours a year, this means a theoretical annual cost cutting potential of about ECU 18 million for consumers. 17 Oil and Gas The key priorities in this sector are to improve the efficiency of explora- tion and production of hydrocarbons and to reduce the environmental impact of the same. Some of the most important new technologies that have contributed to the objectives are related to: new drilling and completion techniques, new seis- mic methods such as multi-component and multi-dimension seismic, offshore production structures and facilities. New techniques for deep water storage; and new technologies for natural gas exploration and production. Demonstration and market deployment of such technology will allow not only a better exploitation of European indigenous resources but also an increased competitiveness of Eu- ropean service and supply companies. жүктеу/скачать 1,01 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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