Ішкі энергияны екі жолмен өзгертуге болады:
1- жылу беру арқылы, 2-жұмыс істеу арқылы.
Термодинамиканың 1-заңы (бірінші бастамасы): ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
V= const – изохоралық процесс. A=0.
- изохоралық процесс үшін ТД-ның 1-заңы.
P=const - изобаралық процесс. ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
- изобаралық процесс үшін ТД-ның 1-заңы.
Q=0 - адиабаталық процесс.
- адиабаталық процесс үшін ТД-ның 1-заңы.
T=const – изотермиялық процесс
- изотермиялық процесс үшін ТД-ның 1-заңы.
Изобаралық процесс бір атомды газ:
Газға берілген жылудың 60%-ы ішкі энергияны өзгертуге жұмсалады ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Газға берілген жылудың 40%-ы газдың жұмыс жасауына жұмсалады
Изобаралық процесс бір атомды газ:
! Егер есеп шартында жабық ыдыс немесе баллон десе: изохоралық процесс,
яғни A=0
! Егер есеп шартында атмосфералық қысымда десе: изобаралық процесс, яғни ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAIcAAAAmCAIAAABhxR8WAAAHLklEQVR4nO1aaUgVXRi+n9qGIRlaWVYu3My0UikzN1xQ0psipWXdFiovXZU0LFtMxSVzuYgo4dZioNiCRgVZkkW0QAsUWrlAYUbZnkZStH/PdweGYWbuOHO9y+h3nx9y7mnOe86c55z3fd55s/j796/EBJHBwtgLMIEFJlbECEOwEhgYeOPGDZ4PL126tLe3d2hoaObMmatWrcrNzbW0tNTr8kQIQ7DCnxLg9+/fDx48ACUfPnzIyspKSUk5duyY/tYmTojOg4ESojFjxgyVSiWVSo27HqNA76xs27btxIkTz58/nz17NrXfzMzsz58/3GP/UYP/XHv37i0tLb1z5055efmFCxcwb0hIiEKhaG1tPX/+fFBQkBbrNwr0zgr8z/3792mU8ERXV9fy5cv5P19cXHzq1KlDhw4lJyeDIblcfvr0aaVSeeDAgdTU1OvXr2uxBqNA76x8+fLFyspKu7FgFJsraK43b97k5+e7ubm9e/euu7u7sbERbYSoX79+abcGo0DvrDx+/Bj7Qv6E42K2WV0ZXNCcOXN8fX0FzeXn50dMh3tGtkEPdQ3ihyFYcXd3J3+SBHDHlba2tlu3bpWUlGg915MnT1jbowKGYCUmJkbQkLNnz967d08oJcRcCxYsINpgYuHChWQ/Uh+h1owIdlYgmbKzs1taWr5+/bps2TJEUW9vb+0mwI5kZmbyf76mpqavr6+oqEi7uVavXk20Ozs7165dS7TBEF6Hp5ErV66sX7/+48ePaE+ZMgVyo6KiwtnZmc/Y/v5+FxcXrH/q1KnMf42NjcWBo3XiSYQ9WicLK8gYwsLCtm7dipecOHFic3OzTCaD3OS5MhpgxN/f/9KlS05OTtR+Te4rMTERf6msDCugqXNR7wq1HR4e/vDhQz5G8O7p6ekDAwOFhYWQDAUFBVu2bOGZCEOeeHl5QZGnpaUx/xVi5PXr1zY2Njjlnz9/Pnjw4ODgIPaZ+SSdlR8/fuC4QUqSdpFwwATO+8mTJ/msjIa3b98Kep4/B9xzYUO1XkN7e3tUVBQa06ZNw97Z2dnxGYWVnzlz5urVq5GRkaysODo6Tp8+HY2Ojo7o6Ohx48bZ2trOnTuX+SSdFfCMa0sziquHJIDnK40BYNdIr/v06VNIQT6j4A8CAgJApKen57Vr15DA0h6orq4m7WdlZRHtw4cPM03RWYEeTUpKonWC4aGhIfInjgOuOevKzM3Nf/78yecdRAus/8WLFwgPiKnIf3fs2MEzLtbW1ubm5qKRkJBQWlrKZIXA9+/fYX/+/Pkcpuis4PIiuNE6X758ibtG/gwNDR2JnxE5IBMQACws/tsZnHqc5cDAwGFHvXr16v379x4eHmhDHz179gxuk/BXTPtSqRTHl8ManRWYtre3p3XiPmJ9w66MBkGfsIYFWTOFdkAqM8JZNFmTqM/lpk2b4MmhETZs2MBKCXPU0aNHqXF78+bNiPwZGRnMsXBfixcv5l4enRVLS0sQM2vWLGonzktqaiq3IYOBth06t4ZdW7RoERpubm6TJ0+G+PTx8eEeRcR55Fhkz8aNG319fffv3888NKR9DtBZgTc8d+5ccnIy2VNVVYWgsm7dOrKHZ1wxzP8I0Pks2LUVK1YQbaVSiddnskLDxYsXEeep1Tlra2t4F8R/6DGm/YiICG6DdFagtXBnkdqsXLkS4Q5qGKkDJMCkSZPIZ8Z2XKGe5bi4uH379n369Ik1KySBzDcvL4/WqVAoysrKmKw8evRI8F1BIEJyCxmG1MnBwQHJ182bN/8npae7d+/K5XIkOgjXx48fDw4OHj9+fHx8vKurK06nJk0FXL58uaWlhdlP/RQLgOD6+nrYR6a5Z8+elJQUTQZZcnt3d3eksjggiHVMPaYr6Lw+n5+fr1KpYBAKFdqU7IeLQ3Tt7u6GQLp9+zZyN00WQAayE1qnSg3uqXmWCYrU4POkxq+TuLNLlizBkYmJiYGX1K2gkuihPg8jEyZMQCoO7UTtr6ur6+vr27VrV2Fh4ciWbDhwfTNG9rRmzRpEfsgJRHjdTqyP+jzxpYTKyrdv36BZcS+HdeWiAhcr8KrQYwZYhND6vCYgUEOtQDiRPcixt2/fnp2dPXZYMRiE1udZAUXe398PeYJ8a2BgAF4XcRXaFLIVPHF/4RAbRMGK0Po8Kzo7O+fNm4fQ4uzsDCeG9DsnJwfZNSiHiOL+wiE2GJ8VLerzrEBQIYqPyMnBiq2tbU9PT2Vl5ZEjR0aX+5IYnRXt6vOsQFAhivMEK8ghCgoKJOpSmIkVAdC6Ps8KsCKTySRqVnbu3OmjhkTNClHCGkUwGisjqc+zgnpXEPDJMp3prgjASOrzNEBoJSUlQXF5e3s3NDTgr0KhgOhqamravXs3GILAa25uJoofowJGY0WH3zcjIiJ6e3upPQjyEnVhG9DVLIaE8TWYCUyYWBEjTKyIEf8CVjd+6qNt58gAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
! Егер есеп шартында изотермиялық процесс десе: P
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: |