Учебное пособие Казань-2016 Сайфуллина М. Н., Хабирова Н. М. English for Physicists

64 
III.
 
Guess the words: 
1)
retsc 
2)
vewaletnhg 
3)
shosptna 
4)
icol 
5)
adigrma 
IV.
 
Read, translate and give the title to this article: 
Light is, in general, a mixture of wavelengths. As a result, light 
wavelength or frequency are not sufficient to describe color. Color experts 
call hue that aspect of color that matches most closely the change with 
wavelength. But every color has two additional characteristics. For 
example, any given color can be bright or dark; brightness is a second, 
independent property of color. A third independent property of color is its 
saturation; it expresses how strongly a color differs from white. A strongly 
saturated color is the opposite of a pale or weakly saturated color. 
Human color space is three-dimensional. Humans are trichromatic. 
Every color we see is described by three independent parameters, because 
the human eye has three types of cones, thus three types of color-sensitive 
cells. At least three parameters that can be varied. A modern artist, Tauba 
Auerbach, even produced a beautiful book version of the color space. The 
number three is also the reason that every display has at least three different 
types of pixels. These three parameters do not need to be hue, saturation and 
brightness value. They can also be taken to be the intensities of red, green 
and blue. Many other color properties can be used to describe color, such as 
lightness, chroma, purity, luma and others. Also descriptions with four and 
more parameters – which then are not independent from each other – are 
used, especially in the printing industry. 
Many birds, reptiles, fish and various insects have four-dimensional 
color spaces that include the ultraviolet; butterflies and pigeons have five- 
dimensional color spaces, and other bird species have even higher- 
dimensional color spaces. Mantis shrimps possibly have the most complex 
eyes in the animal kingdom, with up to twelve-dimensional color spaces. In 
contrast to humans and apes, most mammals have only two-dimensional 
color spaces. Also color-blind persons can have lower-dimensional color 
spaces. In other terms, the number of dimensions of the perceived color 

65 
space is not a property of light, nor a property of nature, but a specific 
property of our human eyes. 
Colors in nature and colors perceived by humans differ. There is no 
color space in nature. Colors in nature and colors in human perception differ 
in an additional way, discovered by linguists. In human language, colors 
have a natural order. All people of the world, whether they come from the 
sea, the desert or the mountains, order colors in the following sequence: 1. 
black and white, 2. red, 3. green and yellow, 4. blue, 5. brown, 6. mauve, 
pink, orange, grey and sometimes a twelfth term that differs from language 
to language. (Colors that refer to objects, such as aubergine or sepia, or 
colors that are not generally applicable, such as blond, are excluded in this 
discussion.) The precise discovery is the following: if a particular language 
has a word for any of these colors, then it also has a word for all the 
preceding ones. The result also implies that people use these basic color 
classes even if their language does not have a word for each of them. These 
strong statements have been confirmed for over 100 languages. 
(Adopted from 
www.motionmountain.net
) 
 
 
 
 
V.
 
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