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Figure 4. Knowledge of the Content of Science in PISA 2015
Physical Systems that require knowledge of:
Structure of matter (
e.g.
, particle model, bonds)
Properties of matter (
e.g.
, changes of state, thermal and electrical conductivity)
Chemical changes of matter (
e.g.
, chemical reactions, energy transfer, acids/bases)
Motion and forces (
e.g.
, velocity, friction) and action at a distance (
e.g.
, magnetic,
gravitational and electrostatic forces)
Energy and its transformation (
e.g.
, conservation, dissipation, chemical reactions)
Interactions between energy and matter (
e.g.
, light and radio waves, sound and seismic
waves)
Living Systems that require knowledge of:
Cells (
e.g.
, structures and function, DNA, plant and animal)
The concept of an organism (
e.g.
, unicellular and multicellular)
Humans (
e.g.
, health, nutrition, subsystems such as digestion, respiration, circulation,
excretion, reproduction and their relationship)
Populations (
e.g.
, species, evolution, biodiversity, genetic variation)
Ecosystems (
e.g.
, food chains, matter and energy flow)
Biosphere (
e.g.
, ecosystem services, sustainability)
Earth and Space Systems that require knowledge of:
Structures of the Earth systems (
e.g.
, lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere)
Energy in the Earth systems (
e.g.
, sources, global climate)
Change in Earth systems (
e.g.
, plate tectonics, geochemical cycles, constructive and
destructive forces)
Earth’s history (
e.g.
, fossils, origin and evolution)
Earth in space (
e.g.
, gravity, solar systems, galaxies)
The history and scale of the Universe and its history (
e.g.
, light year, Big Bang theory)
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