Х. С. Омарова, Н. Ж. Майтина, А. К. Аипова

1.1. 5 Translate into Kazakh:

1) Two … were playing on the doorstep (child / children);

2) A … looked round the corner of the house (woman / women);

3) The … was large, and had a faded Morris wallpaper (room / rooms);

4) Why do … represent in pictures the faces of their fellow men? (painter / painters);

5) The … was supposed to assemble at seven-thirty in the Common Room (company / companies);

6) “You have read the morning papers, I presume?” “Yes, Mr. Poirot. The … from Geneva is not very good” (new / news).
1.1.7 Replace the of-phrase by the Possessive Case where possible:

1) the pen of our teacher;

2) the window of this room;

3) the bicycle of Tom;

4) the boy of her child;

5) the back of the chair;

6) the order of the captain;

7) the bags of her pupils;

8) the banks of the river;

9) the arrival of the actors;

10) the father of Dick.
1.1.8 Paraphrase the following phrases using the Possessive Case:

1) the pen that belongs to Jack;

2) the camera that belongs to my friend;

3) the books that belong to her pupils;

4) the shoes that belong to the girl;

5) the flats that belong to the workers;

6) the car that belongs to this miner;

7) the coat that belongs to his brother;

8) the watch that belongs to the teacher.
1.1.9 Translate the following word combinations:

Winter winds; oak forest; food industry; grammar mistake; summer holidays; evening dress; state power; school age; railway station; stone wall; iron ore; river transport; winter sport; heart diseases; apple orchard; Glasgow demonstration; school year; war industry; silk dress; passenger plane.

1) the pen that belongs to Jack;

2) the camera that belongs to my friend;

3) the books that belong to her pupils;

4) the shoes that belong to the girl;

5) the flats that belong to the workers;

6) the car that belongs to this miner;

7) the coat that belongs to this brother;

8) the watch that belongs to the teacher.
1.1 10 Insert articles where necessary:

1) This is … house;

2) This is … house in which I live;

3) This is … butter;

4) This is … butter I bought for you;.

5) My father is … worker;

6) My father is … worker who improved this machine;

7) This man is … teacher I told you about;

8) Ann’s mother is … teacher;

9) His wife is … doctor;

10) February is … shortest month;.

11) July is … seventh month of the year;

12) It is … Indian film;

13) It is … we discussed yesterday;

14)… cow is … domestic animal;

15)… carrot is … vegetable;

16)… carp is … fish;

17) I usually drink … tea with … sugar;

18) Let’s go to … cinema;

19) He stayed at … Kazakhstan hotel.

1) … Volga is … longest river in … European part of Russia;

2) My brother is … pupil of … 8^th form and he wants to become …engineer;

3) … Chemistry was his favourite subject at … school;

4) Here is … book you need;

5) … England has to import … raw materials, such as … timber, … petroleum, … wool, and others;

6) Washington is situated on … Potomac river, and London is situated on … Thames;

7) Yuri Gagarin was … first man to fly over … Earth in spaceship;

8) Lomonosov was … great Russian scientist. He was born in … small village on … shore of … White Sea;

9) … Germany is … most developed country in Europe;

10) Will you have … cup of tea?
1.1.12 Correct the mistakes:

2) I have got an uniform;

3) Helen isn’t at the home;

4) The Pyramids are in the Egypt;

5) It is a hour-glass;

6) The Mark is a student;

7) I have got a milk;

8) It is an house;

9) An Earth is a planet;

10) he have got a old car.

Charles Dickens, … great English writer, was born on … 7^th of February 1812 in … small English town. He was … weak child and did not take … part in … noisy and active games. … little boy was very capable. He learned to read at… early age and read many book in … his childhood. When he was about six, someone took him to … theatre for … first time. He saw … play by Shakespeare and liked it so much that he decided to write … play himself. When it was ready, he performed it with some of … his friends. Everybody enjoyed … performance and … little writer felt very happy.

When Charles was nine years old, … family moved to … London where they lived in … very old house. Charles’ father was … poor clerk. … life of … family was very hard. There were several younger children in … family besides Charles, … future writer could not even go to school. At that time his father was put in … prison because he could not pay his debts. His wife and all … children went into … prison too. Those were … most unhappy days in Charles’ life. At … age of ten he had to start working. … boy worked from … morning till … night to help his family.

When his father out of … prison, … young Charles was sent to … school where he remained three years. When he was fifteen he had to leave … school and start earning his own living again. He spent his spare time in … British Museum.

In … few years he became … newspaper reporter. In 1836 Dickens published his first book.
1.1.14 Translate the sentences, pay attention to the pronouns:

1) We saw them at the Institute;

2) He knows you very well;

3) As a rule, we finish our work at 5 o’clock;

4) Give them their textbooks on labour law;

5) This student is a friend of mine;

6) Our solicitor will hire a barrister for us;

7) Ann, a friend of hers, took our notes and showed them to her scientific adviser;

8) These are textbooks on criminal law;

9) Yesterday that group of students had two lectures;

10) Some new facts have been discovered;

11) Does this article contain any useful information?

12) There must be some explanation of any phenomena;

13) The students corrected their mistakes themselves;

14)We have to discuss this problem ourselves;

15) The judge decided to cross-examine the witnesses himself.

1. 
   1.1.15 Insert pronouns in the necessary case:
   

1. 
   On my way home I met Peter and told … about the trip;
   

3) We are going to spend the summer in the country. Will you join ?

4) If you give me your address, … shall write to … ;

5) I know this woman. … works at the factory with my mother;

6) She put … notes on the table;

7) I shall translate the article … ;

8) His personal computer corrected all the mistakes … ;

9) Whose books are these? Are they …?

10) The soldiers built the bridge ….

2. 
   1.1. 16 Fill in the blanks with some, any, no and their derivatives:
   

2) Are there … arm-chairs in the room?

3) There isn’t … chalk in the classroom;

4) Mother has bought … butter;

5) There aren’t … mistakes in my dictation;

6) Have you seen … mistakes in his test?

7) He has … important to tell you;

8) … saw the judge yesterday;

9) Can I do … for you?

10) Have you heard … about this criminal case?

11) I know … about the trial;

12) You may invite … you want.

1) I haven’t got … time;

2) She has got … books on criminal law;

3) … money is spent for crime prevention;

4) I couldn’t buy the coat because I had … money left;

5) Let us buy … ice-cream, I have … money left;

6) There isn’t … space in the classroom;

7) My parents are going away for… days;

8) Very … people know about it;

9) Do you speak French? Yes, … ;

10) I had very … time for reading;

11) They read … books on constitutional law;

12) We’ll have dinner in … minutes.
1.1.20 Transform the following sentences using adverbs instead of the given adjectives:

Model

1) John is a slow eater;

2) Mary’s translation of the sentence is correct;

3) My companion was a quick walker;

4) She was a careless cook;

5) His arrival was unexpected;

6) My friend is an excellent dancer;

7) His death was sudden;

8) Her speech at the meeting was wonderful.
1.1.21 Define the degree of comparison:

Most serious, worse, least, less important, best, most favourable,

warmer, farthest, most essential, greatest, more attentive, better, lighter.
1.1.22 Form the comparative and superlative degrees of the following adjectives and adverbs:

Happy, young, small, easy, late, beautiful, difficult, wonderful, popular, interesting, serious, good, many, little, bad.

1) We visited one of the best police stations;

2) The Pacific Ocean is the greatest ocean in the world;

3) They will get better results in English if they speak more;

4) This student speaks English best of all;

5) That student is more attentive than you;

6) He is the cleverest lawyer I know;

7) I bought the latest edition of today’s paper and read about these most terrible crimes;

8) Professor Green is the most interesting lecturer I have ever heard;

9) Her illness was more serious than we thought at first;

10) The patient got worse this morning;

11) He is playing worse than usual;

12) The investigator should work harder to solve the case;

13) The Supreme Court considers the most serious cases;

14) What is the highest judicial organ in Great Britain?
1.1. 24 Translate the following sentences:

1) The solution of this problem is twice as simple as they think;

2) The longer I listened to the speech of the barrister, the more I liked it;

3) The temperature today is not so high as it was yesterday;

4) The more correct information is stored in a computer, the more precise data we get;

5) The better we study, the better we know the laws;

6) This case is not so serious as that one;

7) The investigator must solve this criminal case as soon as possible;

8) The more he studied the evidence, the better he understood the circumstances of the case.
1.1. 25 Translate the sentences:

1) My friend is a lawyer;

2) He has a lot of books on law;

3) Are you an investigator too?

4) Have you got any books on civil law?

5) I have no articles on criminal law;

6) I am a judge;

7) Her sister is not a judge, she is an investigator;

8) Elections are universal. It means that all citizens at the age of 18 have the right to elect.
1.1.26 Fill in the blanks with the right form of the verb to be or to have:

1) This student … 19 years old;

2) My friend … an investigator;

3) The students … in the classroom;

4) His father … a well-known lawyer;

5) How old … you?

6) We … students of the Law Academy;

7) … you got any books on civil law?

8) We do not … special courts for trying juveniles;

9) Under the law every citizen … the right to elect and to be elected;

10) He … at the conference yesterday;

11) An accused person … the right to be defended by barristers.

1) He was at the conference yesterday;

2) The convicted was sent to prison;

3) The investigator is interviewing a witness;

4) The new building of our educational establishment is to be completed next year;

5) The criminal was sentenced to imprisonment;

6) I am very busy tonight;

7) The court is to examine all cases coming before in objectives;

8) He is to make a report on Tuesday;

9) All laws are to protect the life and the rights of citizens;

10) The task of the police was to find the thief and recover the stolen property;

11) Government departments in Great Britain are responsible for administration at the national level;

12) The Prime Minister is to take policy decisions with the

agreement of his cabinet;

13) Formerly the verdict of a jury had to be unanimous. Now a majority verdict may be allowed.
1.1.28 Replace the verb to be in brackets by the right form:

1) I (to be) eighteen years old;

2) These students (to be) in the library;

3) The English Constitution (to be) unwritten;

4) The FBI Laboratory (to be) the greatest criminological laboratory in the world;

5) We (to be) to learn how to find the criminal as quickly as possible;

6) That criminal case (to be) to be tried by our district court next week;

7) The evidence (to be) found at a crime scene by the policemen;

8) The investigator (to be) given all the information about that fact;

9) In August he (to be) investigating that complicated criminal case;

10) The police officer (to be) at the crime scene at the moment of the commission of the offence;

11) He (to be) to arrive next week;

12) Crime prevention (to be) one of the main functions of militia.
1.1. 29 Replace the verb to have in brackets by the right form and translate the sentences:

1) This young man (to have) committed a crime;

2) My friend (to have) to translate the next from Russian into English;

3) We (to have) a lecture in administrative law tomorrow;

4) All the students will (to have) their practice when they are in the third year;

5)He told us that a new jury (to have) to be appointed;

6) We (to have) to study a number of documents, statutes, judicial decisions to understand English Constitutional Law;

7) The investigator (to have) solved the crime quickly;

8) As the case was rather serious the solicitor (to have) to hire a barrister;

9) How long (to have) it been snowing?

10) I (to have) no idea how to get to the nearest Police Station.
1.1.30 Translate the sentences, pay attention to the functions of the verb to have:

1) Under the law every citizen has the right to elect and to be elected;

2) This work will have been done by the end of the week;

3) You will have to meet them at the station;

4) Russia does not have special courts for trying juveniles;

5) The state universities which function in many towns of our country have law departments;

6) The American President has to bear full responsibility for foreign relations of the United States;

7) All important Foreign Office papers have to be submitted to the sovereign before they are sent abroad;

8) I haven’t seen the judge yet.
1.1.31 Translate the sentences, define the tense form of the verbs and make the sentences negative and interrogative:

1) My friend works as a judge;

2) These students study at the Law Institute;

3) We will study criminal law next year;

4) This judge worked at the city court a year ago;

5) This student’s mother teaches civil law at the Law Institute;

6) I want to become an investigator;

7) This scientist will soon publish his new article on criminal law;

8) Her sister will work as a judge after graduating from the Moscow State Law Academy;

9) The judge considered this case last week,

10) That juvenile committed a minor offense a year ago.
1.1.32 Open the brackets, put the verbs into correct tense form:

1) We (to translate) this text last week;

2) They (to graduate) from the Academy in 1996;

3) They (to speak) English well;

4) We usually (to work) hard at our English because we (to want) to know it well;

5) She (to work) at the Procurator’s Office last year;

6) Yesterday he (to see) his advocate;

7) I (to translate) this article on criminal law next week;

8) The investigator (to interview) the eye-witness of the accident tomorrow.
1.1.33 Translate the sentences, define the tense form of the verbs and make the sentences negative and interrogative:

1) I am preparing a report on criminal law;

2) The detective is investigating this serious criminal case now;

3) The witness for the prosecution was answering the questions of the judge when we came to the court;

4) I cannot meet you tomorrow morning. I shall be representing Jack Green before the Court;

5) The jury is still discussing the verdict;

6) The investigator was working with the documents at 3 o’clock yesterday;

7) I’ll be waiting for you at 12 o’clock tomorrow at the court;

8) The court is still examining all the details of the murder.
1.1.34 Translate the sentences, define the tense form of the verbs and make the sentences negative and interrogative:

1) The investigator has collected evidence on the case;

2) The state and public organizations had discussed the Draft of the new Constitution before it became the law;

3) The trade delegation will have finished its work by the end of the week by signing a new treaty;

4) If you come to the court late in the afternoon the judge will have declared his decision;

5) Have you ever been to the Crown Court? – No, I have never been there;

6) The High Court has dismissed the prisoner’s appeal.
1.1.35 Find the modal verbs and translate the sentences:

1) All citizens are obliged to observe laws;

2) As our meeting was to be held at 5 p. m., we had to finish our work earlier than usual;

3) You should ask your friends to help you with your English;

4) You may smoke here;

5) He can speak English;

6) We shall be able to discuss this problem at the next seminar;

7) Judges ought to act according to the law;

8) You will have to do this work now;

9) The investigator should be able to use all the evidence to prove this case;

10) Both parents are obliged to support their children. In case of divorce one of the parents is to pay alimony through court;

11) Did you have to sing anything?

12) No man and no woman can be at once a barrister and a solicitor;

13) A candidate cannot practice until he has obtained a certificate from the Law Society which must be annually renewed;

14) A justice after 65 may not serve in a Juvenile Court unless specially authorized;

15) The accused might be discharged conditionally;

16) The investigator was to have already solved this crime;

17) The court is to examine all cases coming before objectively;

18) The advice of your solicitor should not be ignored;

19) Such documents mustn’t be sent by post;

20) His barrister might win this case, but I don’t think there is much chance;

21) You mustn’t think that your advocate will not be able to win the case;

22) He can’t be a judge. He is too young;

23) The judge had to release the accused for lack of evidence.

1) … I take the document? No, you …;

2) … you work as a detective? Not yet;

3) The trial … to be open at 10 o’clock;

4) She believes that the judge … discharge him;

5) You … tell him that we need his assistance;

6) The investigator was very tired and he … to stop the cross- examination;

7) The witness … answer the barrister’s questions during the cross- examination;

8) He … to explain all the difficulties in the case to the accused.
1.1.37 Define the tense form of the verbs in Passive Voice and translate them:

1)This lecturer is invited to deliver a course of lectures on philosophy at our Institute;

2) A lot of young lawyers are trained at our Academy every year;

3) Such criminal cases are usually tried by district court;

4) Appeals and protest against sentences and decisions of Courts of First Instance are examined by Courts of Second Instance;

5) That criminal case was decided according to the laws of the state;

6) The accused is guaranteed the right to defence;

7) The hearing of the case will be postponed;

8) Penalties are imposed on guilty persons according to the law;

9) The man was arrested by the police, but now they have released him;

10)The verdict was passed by the jury and the sentence was passed

by the judge.

1. 
   1.1.38 Find the predicate, define its tense form and voice, translate the sentences:
   

2) The procurator is preparing to speak on the case tried by the Regional Court;

3) At the beginning of the seminar one of our students will be making a report on the rights of the defendant according to the criminal law;

4) This case of murder is being investigated now;

5) Thousands of young people from different foreign countries are being trained at various higher educational establishments of our country;

6) The case was being prepared for trial when the investigator was given some new important evidence;

7) The student is being examined by the professor;

8) This minor offence is being considered by the Magistrate’s Court;

9) The participants of the trial are sitting in the courtroom;

10) The judge was preparing to speak on the case when he was given the letter;

11) I will be working on my report on civil law in the library;

12) The police were being assisted by many citizens while the crime was being investigated;

13) For 3 days the regional court will be considering this case;

14) The suspect was being cross-examined when the investigator received the results of the laboratory analysis;

15) The witnesses for the prosecution were being waited for when we came to the court;

16) The plan was being discussed when he came;

17) The verdict is still being discussed by the jury;

18) The evidence on the case is still being collected by the investigator;

19) The problem is still being discussed;

20) The things were being packed when he entered the room;

21) The mail is being looked through by the manager;

22) The car is being painted in the garage.

In all societies, relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws. Some of them are customs - that is, informal rules of social and moral behaviour. Some rules we accept if we belong to particular social institutions, such as religious, educational and cultural groups. And some laws are made by nations and enforced against all citizens within their power.

The rules of social institutions are more formal than customs. They carry penalties for those who break them. They are not, however, enforceable by any political authority.

Customs need not be made by governments, and they need not be written down. We learn how we should behave in society through the instruction of family and teachers, the advice of friends, and our own experiences. Sometimes, we can break these rules and do not suffer any penalty. But if we continually break the rules, or break a very important one, other members of society may criticize us, act violently toward us or refuse to have anything to do with us. The ways in which people talk, eat and drink, work and relax together are usually guided by many such informal rules which have very little to do with laws created by governments.

However, when governments make laws for their citizens, they use a system of courts backed by the power of the police. Of course, there may be instances where the law is not enforced against someone (for example, when young children commit crimes).

Government made laws are nevertheless often patterned upon informal rules of conduct which already exist in society and relations between people are regulated by a combination of all these rules.

1. forms of behaviour 1. Англияның сот жүйесі

2. rules of social institutions 2. қоғам мүшелері

3. members of the society 3. жүріс-тұрыс формалары

4. English system of courts 4. әлеуметтік институттар

нормалары

5. to accept the rules 5. заңдарды жүзеге асыру

6. to suffer penalty 6. қағидаларды бұзу

7. to make laws 7. заң шығару

8. to enforce the rules 8. ережелерді қабылдау

1) The English word "law" refers to limits upon various ...:

A) rules of social institutions; B) members of the society;

C) forms of behaviour.

2.) The rules of social institutions are not enforceable by any ...:

A) political authority; B) social rules; C) social relations.

3. ... need not be made by governments and they need not be written down:

A) rules; B) laws; C) customs.

4. When governments make ... for their citizens they use a system of courts backed by the police:

A) customs; B) relations; C) laws.

5. Government-made laws are often patterned upon informal ... which already exist in society:

A) norms of behaviour; B) rules of conduct; C) social norms.

1) Other laws prescribe how people ...;

2) ... - that is, informal rules of social and moral behaviour;

3) Customs need not be ..., and they need not be written down;

4) Sometimes, some people break ... and do not suffer any penalty;

5) Of course, there may be instances ... (for example, when young children commit crimes);

6) We learn ... through the instruction of family and teachers, the advice of friends, and our own experiences.

2.1.5 Fill in prepositions:

1) The English word "law" refers ... limits ... various forms ... behaviour;

2) When governments make laws ... their citizens, they use a system ... courts backed ... the power ... the police;

3) The ways ... which people talk, eat and drink, work and relax together are usually guided ... many such informal rules;

4) Informal rules have very little to do ... laws created ... governments;

5) Some laws are made ... nations and enforced against all citizens ... their power;

6) We learn how to behave ... society through the instruction ... family and teachers, the advice ... friends, and our own experiences.

2.1.6 Translate into English:

1) Заң бұзушы адам жазалануы тиіс;

2) Біз қоғамда өзімізді қалай ұстауды ата-аналарымыз бен мұғалімдердің нұсқауларынан үйренеміз;

3) Мектеп оқушыларының мектеп ережесіне бағынулары қажет;

4) Қылмыс жасаушылар қылмыстық заңдарға сәйкес жазаланады;

5) Адамдардың өзін ұстауы, тамақ жеуі, жұмыс істеп, дем алуы үкімет шығарған заңдарға емес, жеке ережелерге бағынады.

As a rule, new legislation starts in the House of Lords. In each house a bill is considered in three stages, called readings. The first reading is formal, just to introduce the bill. The second reading is for debate. After that the bill is thoroughly thought out by a committee.

Then they return the bill to one of the houses for the report stage, when it can be amended. If passed after its third reading, it goes to the other house. In case the House of Commons does not agree on the amendments made to a bill by the House of Lords, the bill is altered and sent back to the Lords. If disagreement is persistent between the two houses, House of Commons prevails.

Finally, the bill goes to the monarch for the royal assent. Nowadays the royal assent is merely a formality. In theory the queen could still refuse her consent, but the last monarch to use this power was Queen Anne, who vetoed the unpopular Scottish Militia Bill in 1707.

The legislative branch of the US is Congress which consists of two chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives. Any congressman in either house, or the president, may propose new legislation.

The proposed bill is first introduced in the house of Representatives, then referred to one of the standing committees, which organizes hearings on it and may approve, amend or shelve the draft. If the committee passes the bill, it is considered by the House of Representatives as a whole. If passed there, it goes to the Senate for a similar sequence of committee hearings and general debate.

In the event of disagreement, the Senate and the House of Representatives confer together. Once passed by the Senate as a whole, the bill has to be examined by two more standing committees - the Committee on House Administration and the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration - and then signed by the speaker of the House and by the president of the Senate.

Finally, it may be signed by the president, who can veto it. If the president vetoes a bill, it can be argued and if it is passed by a two-thirds majority in both houses of Congress.

2.1.8 Give the English equivalents:

1) заң шығарушы билік;

2) лордтар палатасы;

3) қауымдар палатасы;

4) үшінші оқылымнан кейін;

5) заң жобасы;

6) өкілдер палатасы;

7) егжей-тегжейлі қарастыру;

8) қол қою;

9) тыйым салу;

10) жаңа заңды ұсыну;

11) келіспеушілік;

12) заңға өзгерістер енгізу.

2.1.9 Choose the right word or word combinations:

1) In the event of disagreement, the ... and the House of Representatives confer together:

A) House of Lords; B) House of Commons; C) Senate.

2) Finally, the bill goes ... for the royal assent:

A) to the monarch; B) to the president; C) to the sultan.

3) In each house a bill is considered ..., called readings:

A) in three stages; B) in five stages; C) in two stages.

4) The proposed bill is first ... in the house of Representatives:

A) introduced; B) refused; C) annulled.

5) Finally, it may ... by the president, who can veto it:

A) be signed; B) be read; C) be torn.

2.1.10 Fill in prepositions:

1) ... that the bill is thoroughly thought ... ... a committee;

2) The bill has to be examined ... two more standing committees;

3) ... the event ... disagreement, the Senate and the House of Representatives confer together;

4) Finally, the bill goes ... the monarch ... the royal assent;

5) The proposed bill is first introduced ... the house ... Representatives;

6) ... case the House of Commons does not agree ... the amendments made ... a bill ... the House ... Lords, the bill is altered and sent back ... the Lords;

7) The second reading is ... debate.

1) Ұлыбританияда жаңа заң жобасы Лордтар палатасынан басталады;

2) АҚШ Конгресі екі палатадан тұрады: Сенат және Өкілдер палатасы;

3) Ең соңында заң жобасына президенттің қол қоюы керек;

4) Президенттің заңды бекітпей, тыйым салуға құқығы бар;

5) Қазіргі таңда корольдік мақұлдау жай ғана ресми іс болып саналады;

6) Үшінші оқылымнан кейін заң келесі палатаға беріледі.
2.1.12 Read the texts
English Law
English law can be divided into Statute Law, Common Law and Case Law. Statute Law consists of all laws passed by Parliament. The majority of laws are proposed and drafted by the government in power, any member of the House of Commons or House of Lords can also propose a law. An exception to this is that only a member of the House of Commons may introduce a financial Bill. The laws that are drafted by the government, as the laws proposed by individual members of the House of Commons or House of Lords, must be agreed to by the Parliament before they become effective. That means that they must be passed by the elected House of Commons, approved (in most cases) by the House of Lords, and confirmed by the Sovereign.

Common Law consists of principles and rules of conduct based on the ancient customs of the country and recognized by the Courts as Law. Common Law is unwritten, and its principles can be learnt only by intensive study of past court decisions and ancient custom. The Common Law can, however , be changed or developed by statute.

But more important perhaps than either the Statute Law or even the Common Law are decisions of the Courts. Just as the many ancient customs of the land make up the Common Law, the collected decisions of the Courts form English "Case Law". Once Parliament has passed a law, the courts must decide what the words of that law mean. The interpretation of the Courts remains till either a higher Court decides that this interpretation was wrong, or Parliament passes another law or changes it.

So once a Court decided against the government on a question of what a law means - and the Courts may decide that a law as worded means something quite different from what the government intended - the government must accept the decision of the Court. They may, if the Houses agree, pass another law. But that takes a great deal of time and trouble.

In Greece each city state had its own law, some laws were common to many states. In the seventh century B.C. the Greeks began to put their laws into writing. About 594 B.C. Solon, the famous Athenian law-giver, provided a new code of law. The Athenian did not consider it necessary to have legal experts for non-criminal cases. In a civil case the verdict was given by a jury, which might number anything from 201 to 2500. The members of the jury listened to speeches made by he persons who had brought the case before them, and by their friends. Barristers did not participate in court proceedings, but professional speech-writers sometimes prepared speeches.

Roman law is one of the greatest systems that has ever existed. It was based upon custom, and by A.D. 528 the quantity of Roman Law had become so immense that the Emperor Justinian in Constantinopole ordered to make a clear, systematic code of all the laws.

Roman law had a deep influence upon the law of the world. It had a strong Influence on the law of the most European countries and some influence on Anglo-Saxon law, which is the other great law system of the world. After many years Roman law reappeared in the eleventh century, when there was a great revival of learning. Many European countries began to use Roman law in their courts. In France, however, until Napoleon codified the law in 1804, each province had its own laws. The Napoleonic Code was a splendid achievement, and it has influenced the law of many countries in Europe and South America.

1. Statute Law 1. біздің заманымыз

2. Ancient customs 2. ежелгі әдет-ғұрыптар

3. Common Law 3. біздің заманымызға дейін

4. Hebrew Law 4. жалпы заң

5. B.C. 5. Афиналық заң шығарушы

6. A.D. 6. қағидалар

7. Principles 7. жазылған заң (статусты заң)

8. Athenian law-giver 8. жүйелі заңдар жинағы

9. Systematic code of laws 9. істі сотқа беру

10. To bring the case 10. ежелгі еврей заңдары
2.1.14 Choose the right word or word combinations:

1) In France each province had its own laws until ... codified the law in 1804:

A) Lenin; B) Roosevelt ; C) Napoleon.

2) Than either the Statute Law or even the Common Law perhaps ... are more important:

A) decisions of the Courts ; B) decisions of the Parliament;

C) enforcement of the Courts.

3) ... did not participate in court proceedings.

A) Barristers; B) Judges; C) Solicitors.

4) The Athenian did not consider it necessary to have legal experts for ...;

A) non-criminal cases; B) criminal cases; C) civil cases.

5) An exception to this is that only a member of the House of Commons may ... :

A) veto a financial Bill; B) introduce a financial Bill; C) refuse any bill.

1) Roman law had a deep influence ... the law ... the world;

2) ... many years Roman law reappeared ... the eleventh century, when there was a great revival ... learning,

3) The laws that are drafted ... the government must be agreed ... ... the Parliament ... they become effective;

4) One of the earliest systems ... law is the collection ... laws known as the Code ... Hammurabi, the Babylonian king, who lived ... about 1900 B.C.;

5) Passing a new law takes a great deal ... time and trouble;

6) ... France ... Napoleon codified the new law ... 1804 each province had its own laws.

2.1.16 Translate into English:

1) Біздің заманымызға дейінгі 594 жыл шамасында атақты Афиналық заң-жасаушы Солон жаңа заңдар жинағын шығарды;

2) Римдік заң - ең ұлы заңдар жүйесінің бірі;

3) Біздің заманымыздың 528 жылдары Рим билеушісі Константинопольдік Джастин анық, жүйелі заңдар жинағын шығаруды бұйырды;

4) Сот алқасы істі сотқа берушілер мен олардың достарының сөздерін тыңдаған;

5) Жалпы заңдар ежелгі әдет-ғұрыптарға негізделген жүріс-тұрыс ережелері мен қағидаларынан тұрады;

6) Біз білетін ең ежелгі заңдар жүйесінің бірі - біздің заманымызға дейінгі 1900 жылдары өмір сүрген Вавилон королі құрастырған Хаммураби заң кодексі.

2.1.17 Complete the sentences:

1) In Greece each city state had its own law, ... to many states;

2) By A.D. 528 ... that the Emperor Justinian in Constantinopole ordered to make a clear, systematic code of all the laws;

3) In the seventh century B.C. ... ;

4) ... , the famous Athenian law-giver, provided a new code of law.

5) Many European countries began to ... ;

6) The laws that are drafted ... , as the laws proposed by individual members of the House of Commons or House of Lords, ... before they become effective;

7) That means that they must be passed ... , approved (in most cases) by the House of Lords, and ... ;

8) After many years Roman law ... , when there was a great revival of learning.
2.2 Unit 2
2.2.1 Read the text
The court system of England and Wales
The most common type of law court in England and Wales is the Magistrates' court. There are 700 magistrates' courts and about 30,000 magistrates.

More serious criminal cases then go to the Crown Court, which has 90 branches in different towns and cities. Civil cases (for example, divorce or bankruptcy cases) are dealt with in County courts.

Appeals are heard by higher courts. For example, appeals from magistrates' courts are heard in the Crown Court, unless they are appeals on points of law. The highest court of appeal in England and Wales is the House of Lords. (Scotland has its own High Court in Edinburgh, which hears all appeals from Scottish courts.) Certain cases may be referred to the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg. In addition, individuals have made the British Government change its practices in a number of areas as a result of petitions to the European Court of Human Rights.

The legal system also includes juvenile courts (which deal with offenders under seventeen) and coroners' courts (which investigate violent, sudden or unnatural deaths). There are administrative tribunals which make quick, cheap and fair decisions with much less formality. Tribunals deal with professional standards, disputes between individuals, and disputes between individuals and government departments (for example, over taxation).

The legal system in England and Wales

(The system in Northern Ireland is similar, but the system in Scotland is quite different and separate)

1. common type of law 1. заң бұзушы

2. court decision 2. зорлықты өлім

3. criminal case 3. аймақтық сот

4. civil case 4. жалпы заң түрі

5. magistrate 5. әлемдік судья

6. coroner's court 6. қылмыстық іс

7. civil code 7. азаматтық іс

8. county court 8. Тәж соты (Суд Короны)

9. legal System 9. заңдық жүйе

10. juvenile court 10. қылмыстық кодекс

11. offender 11. жасөспірімдер ісі соты

12.violent death 12. азаматтық сот

2.2.3 Choose the right word or word combinations:

1) Certain cases may be referred to the ... in Luxembourg:

A) European Court of Justice; B) European Court of Civil cases;

C) French Court of Justice.

2) Tribunals ... professional standards:

A) dispute ; B) deal with; C) make up.

3) More serious ... then go to the Crown Court, which has 90 branches in different towns and cities:

A) criminal cases ; B) civil cases ; C) juvenile cases.

4) Scotland has its own High Court in Edinburgh, which hears all appeals from Scottish courts:

A) High Court in Edinburgh; B) Low Court in Edinburgh;

C) Upper Court in Glasgow.

5) Civil cases (for example, divorce or bankruptcy cases) are dealt with ... :

A) in County courts:; B) in Magistrates' court; C) in Crown Court.

6) The highest ... in England and Wales is the House of Lords:

A) court of appeal; B) Coroner's court; C) Legal System.

2.2.4 Fill in the right prepositions:

1) Tribunals deal ... professional standards, disputes between individuals, and disputes between individuals and government departments;

2) Certain cases may be referred ... the European Court ... Justice ... Luxembourg;

3) More serious criminal cases then go ... the Crown Court, which has 90 branches ... different towns and cities;

4) For example, appeals ... magistrates' courts are heard ... the Crown Court, unless they are appeals ... points ... law;

5) Juvenile courts deals ... offenders ... seventeen.

2.2.5 Translate into English:

1) Ажырасу, банкротқа ұшырау деген сияқты азаматтық істер аймақтық соттарда қарастырылады;

2) Англияның жоғарғы аппеляциялық соты - бұл Лордтар палатасы;

3) Кейбір істер Люксембургтегі Адам құқығын қорғауға байланысты Еуропалық сотқа жіберіледі;

4) Жасы 17-ге толмаған заң бұзушылар ісімен жасөспірімдер ісі соты айналысады;

5) Солтүстік Ирландияның сот жүйесі Англияның сот жүйесімен ұқсас, ал Шотландияның сот жүйесі мүлдем өзгеше.

Solicitors

There are about 5,000 solicitors, a number which is rapidly increasing, and they make up by far the largest branch of the legal profession in England and Wales. They are found in every town, where they deal with all the day-today work of preparing legal documents for buying and selling houses, making wills, etc. Solicitors also work on court cases for their clients, prepare cases for barristers to present in the higher courts, and may represent their client in a Magistrates' court.

Barristers

There are about 5,000 barristers who defend or prosecute in the higher courts. Although solicitors and barristers work together on cases, barristers specialize in representing clients in court and the training and career structures for the two types of lawyer are quite separate. In court, barristers wear wigs and gowns in keeping with the extreme formality of the proceedings. The highest level of barristers have the title QC (Queen's Counsel).

Judges

There are a few Hundred judges, trained as barristers, who preside in more serious cases. There is no separate training for judges.

Jury

A jury consists of twelve people ("jurors"), who are ordinary people chosen at random from the Electoral Register (the list of people who can vote in elections). The jury listens to the evidence given in court in certain criminal cases and decides whether the defendant is guilty or innocent. If the person is found guilty, the punishment is passed by the presiding judge. Juries are rarely used in civil cases.

Magistrates

There are about 30,000 magistrates (Justices of the Peace or JPs), who judge cases in the lower courts. They are usually unpaid and have no normal legal qualifications, but they are respectable people who are given some training.

Coroners

Coroners have medical or legal training (or both), and inquire into violent or unnatural deaths.

Clerks of the court

Clerks look after administrative and legal matters in the courtroom.
Solicitors and Barristers
England is almost unique in having two different kinds of lawyers, with separate jobs in the legal system. They are solicitors and barristers. The division of legal profession is due mainly to historical causes. Each branch has its own characteristic functions and a separate governing body.

The division has a number of significant impacts upon the judicial system. It is the main reason for the separation between civil and criminal courts. It also has a significant impact upon judicial appointments.

The traditional picture of the English lawyer is that the solicitor is the general practitioner, confined mainly to the office. The solicitor is the legal adviser of the public. If a person has a legal problem, he is able to call at a solicitor's office and seek his advice in a personal interview. Many problems are dealt with exclusively by a solicitor. For instance, the solicitor deals with petty crimes and some matrimonial matters in Magistrates' Courts, the lowest Courts. He prepares the case and evidence. He actually speaks in Court for the client.

In a civil action he can speak in the County Court, when the case is one of divorce or recovering some debts. In the County Court the solicitor wears a black gown over his ordinary clothes.

A solicitor also deals with matters outside Court. He does the legal work involved in buying a house, for instance. He writes legal letters for you and carries on legal arguments outside Court. If you want to make a will the best man to advise you is a solicitor.

To qualify as a solicitor, a young man or woman joins a solicitor as a "clerk" and works for him while studying part time for the "Law Society" exams. Interestingly enough, it is not necessary for you to go to university. When you have passed all the necessary exams, you can ''practice", which means you can start business on your own.

Barristers are different from solicitors. Barristers are experts in the interpretation of the Law. He is the specialist adviser much of whose time is taken up with court-room appearance. A barrister can only be consulted indirectly through a solicitor. Today however the lines of demarcation are blurred. The barrister is also an expert on advocacy (the art of presenting cases in Court). Indeed, if you desire representation in any Court except the Magistrates' Court, you must have a barrister, with one or two exceptions.

Barristers are rather remote figures. If you need one, for instance, you never see him without your solicitor being with him. Barristers do not have public offices in any street. They work in what are known as chambers, often in London. They all belong to institutions called Inns of Court, which are ancient organizations rather like exclusive clubs. In many ways the remoteness they have and the job they do are medieval in conception.

To qualify as a barrister you have to take the examinations of the Bar Council. These are different from solicitors' examinations. There are over 5,000 barristers in England. A good one can earn 30,000 pounds a year. Only barristers can become judges in an English Court above a Magistrates' Court.

There is approximately one solicitor to every 1300 of the population, with considerable regional and local variations. There is a heavy concentration in commercial centres. The ratio for barristers is about one per every 10,000. Taking the legal profession as a whole (35,500), there is one practising lawyer per 1200 people. This compares with about one lawyer per 600 in the USA. But a lot of work in English solicitors' offices is undertaken by managing clerks, now called "legal executives", who are a third type of lawyers. (Legal executives now have their own professional and examining body - "the Institute of Legal Executives").

2.2.7 Match English and Kazakh equivalents:

1. Court system 1. өзіне тән қызметтері

2. To institute a case 2. заң қызметі

3. Legal profession 3. кеңес алу

4. Historical cause 4. сотта сөйлеу

5. Characteristic functions 5. жеке сұхбат

6. To seek advice 6. сот жүйесі

7. Legal adviser 7. өте көп

8. Court-room appearance 8. іс бастау

9. Heavy concentration 9. тарихи себеп

10. Personal interview 10. заң кеңесшісі

2.2.8 Choose the right word or word combinations:

1) The court system is dependent upon the ...:

A) legal system; B) governing body ; C) legal profession.

2) England is almost ... in having two different kinds of lawyers:

A) characteristic; B) unique; C) historical.

3) There are about 30,000 magistrates (...), who judge cases in the lower courts:

A) Justices of the Peace; B) Judges of the Peace; C) Juries of the Peace.

4) The division of the legal profession is due to the ...:

A) governing body; B) characteristic functions; C) historical causes.

5) In court, ... wear wigs and gowns in keeping with the extreme formality of the proceedings:

A) barristers; B) solicitors; C) legal adviser.

6) Each branch has its own characteristic functions and a separate ... body:

A) governing; B) examining; C) executive.

7) A lot of work in English solicitors' offices is undertaken by ...:

A) solicitors; B) legal executives; C) barristers.

8) They are found in every town, where they ... all the day-today work of preparing legal documents for buying and selling houses, making wills, etc.:

A) examine; B) deal with; C) purchase.

2.2.9 Fill in the right prepositions:

1)The court system is dependent ... the legal profession to make it work;

2) England is unique ... having different kinds of lawyers;

3) There is approximately one solicitor ... every 1300 ... the population;

4) Although solicitors and barristers work together ... cases, barristers specialize ... representing clients ... court and the training and career structures ... the two types of lawyer are quite separate;

5) Solicitors make ... ... far the largest branch ... the legal profession ... England and Wales;

6) Members ... the public are able to call ... a solicitor's office;

7) A barrister's examinations of the Bar Council are different ... solicitors' examinations.

1) Англияда 1300 адамға бір кеңесшіден, ал 10 000 адамға бір адвокаттан келеді;

2) АҚШ-пен салыстырсақ, онда 364 адамға бір заң қызметкерінен келеді;

3) Көптеген мәселелермен, мысалы ажырасу немесе мұра қалдыру дегендей істермен заң кеңесшісі айналысады;

4) Жақсы заң қызметкері жылына 30 000 фунт стерлинг ақша табады;

5) Егер сізде заңға қатысты қиыншылықтар туындаса, заң кеңесшісінен кеңес ала аласыз;

6) Аймақтық соттарда заң кеңесшісі өз киімінің сыртынан қара мантия киеді.

2.2.11 Choose the correct definition for each legal profession mentioned in the texts:

1) An officer acting as a judge in the lower courts;

2) A public official with authority to hear and decide cases in a law court;

3) A group of people who swear to give a true decision on issues of in a law court;

4) An official who investigates the cause of any death thought to be violent or unnatural causes;

5) A lawyer who has the right to speak and argue in higher law courts;

6) A lawyer who prepares legal documents, advises clients on legal and speaks for them in lower law courts.
2.2.12 Read text A
The court system of the USA
Federal courts

The American court system is complex. It functions as part of the federal system of government. Each state runs its own court system, and no two are identical. In addition, we have a system of courts for the national government. These federal courts coexist with the state courts.

Individuals fall under the jurisdiction of two different court systems, their state courts and federal courts. They can sue or be sued in either system, depending mostly on what their case is about. The vast majority of cases are resolved in the state courts.

The federal courts are organized in three tiers, like a pyramid. At the bottom of the pyramid are the US district courts, where litigation begins. In the middle are the US courts of appeals. At the top is the US Supreme Court. To appeal means to take a case to a higher court. The courts of appeals and the Supreme Court are appellated courts, with few exceptions they review cases that have been decided in lower courts. Most federal courts hear and decide a wide array of cases; the judges in these courts are known as generalists.

1) қатар өмір сүру;

2) жеке тұлғалар;

3) штаттық соттар;

4) сотқа шағымдану;

5) федералдық соттар;

6) басым көпшілік;

7) істі сот арқылы шешу;

8) ярус;

9) жоғарғы сот;

10) округтық соттар;

11) соңғы инстанция соты;

12) аппеляциялық соттар;

13) ескертпе (исключение);

14) төменгі соттар;

15) істі қарау.

The federal courts have three tiers: (1) ... courts, courts of (2) ... and the (3) ... Court. The (4) ... Court was created by the (5) ...; all other state courts were created by (6) ... . Most (7) ... occurs in (8) ... courts. The structure of (9) ... courts varies from state to state; usually there are (10) ... for less serious cases, (11) ... for more serious cases, intermediate (12) ... courts, and courts of last (13) ... . State courts were created by state constitutions.

1. What American courts can you name?

2. How are the federal courts organized?

3. Where does litigation begin?

4. What do the courts of appeals deal with?
2.2.16 Read text B
Growth of the profession of attorneys

Nowadays the number of lawyers in the US exceeds 675,000, i.e. a lawyer for every 364 people. About three decades ago, there was one lawyer for every 700 people. The rate at which the legal profession is growing will probably continue to outpace rate of population growth through the end of the century.

There are many reasons of why a career in law is so popular. Market forces account for some of the allure. In 1984 the average salary of experienced lawyers was $88,000. It is certainly well below the average salary of physicians $108,000. But lawyers' salaries are considered to be substantially greater than other professionals'. Salaries for newly minted lawyers heading for elite New York law firms exceeded $71,000 in 1987; some firms offered additional bonuses for clerkship experience in the federal courts and state supreme courts. The glamour of legal practice strengthens the attractions of its financial rewards.

There are other reаsons for the popularity of the legal profession and the unquenchable demand for legal services. Materialism and individualism in American culture encourage dispute. Federalism gives separate legal systems for each state plus the national government. Advertising can now create demand for legal services, too. Finally, the principles of separation of powers and of checks and balances, make governing difficult and sometimes impossible. When political institutions act, they often are forced to compromise, deferring critical issues to the courts. Pluralist democracy operates when groups are able to press their interests on, and even challenge, the government. The expression of group demands in a culture that encourages lawsuits thrusts on the courts all manner of disputes and interests. Is it any wonder that America needs all the lawyers it can train.

There is a US attorney in each federal judicial district. Their staffs of assistant attorneys vary in size with the amount of litigation in the district. US attorneys have considerable discretion, which makes them powerful political figures in any community. Their decision to prosecute or not affects the wealth, freedom, rights, and reputation of individuals and organizations in the district.

US attorneys are political appointees who often harbour political ambitions. Their position commands media attention and can serve political goals. In 1983 President Reagan appointed Rudolph Giuliani as US attorney for the Southern District of New York (covering a large portion of the New York metropolitan area). Over the next 5 years, Giuliani notched his briefcase with dozens of successful prosecutions of elected officials, judges, organized crime figures, and Wall Street inside traders. Giuliani's activities generated reels and reams of favourable press coverage, he even appeared on a Newsweek cover. This kind of public exposure can help a US attorney launch a successful career in elected office. As a powerful prosecutor or potential opponent, Giuliani's name must make some politicians shudder.

2.2.18 Give the English equivalents:

1) асып түсу;

2) ақылай сыйлық;

3) қорғаушы іс-тәжірибесі;

4)халық санының өсу деңгейі;

5) орташа табысы;

6) тәжірибелі заңгер;

7) бір нәрсеге сұраныс;

8) байлық;

9) сайланған шенеуніктер;

10) саяси мекемелер.

2.2.19 Fill in the right prepositions:

1) ... 1983 President Reagan appointed Rudolph Giuliani as US attorney ... the Southern District ... New York;

2) There are other reasons ... the popularity ... the legal profession and the unquenchable demand ... legal services;

3) Salaries ... newly minted lawyers heading ... elite New York law firms exceeded $71,000 ... 1987;

4) Giuliani even appeared ... a Newsweek cover;

5) US attorneys serve ... the pleasure ... the president and relinquish their positions when the reins ... government change hands;

6) The principles ... separation ... powers and ... checks and balances sometimes make governing difficult.

2.2.20 Choose the right word or word combinations:

1) As a powerful prosecutor or potential opponent, Giuliani's name must make some ... shudder:

A) politicians; B) teachers; C) clerks.

2)Their decision to prosecute or not affects the ... of individuals and organizations in the district:

A) reputation; B) life; C) choice.

3) Why is a career in ... so popular?

A) law; B) teaching; C) medicine.

4) There is a US ... in each federal judicial district:

A) attorney; B) judge; C) jury.

5) Advertising can now create demand for ... services, too:

A) legal; B) social; C) military.

2.2.21 Fill in the gaps with appropriate words: to plead guilty, attorney, to recover, to cross-examine, civil action, to inquire into, advocacy, to sentence, at random, solicitor, the dock:

1) If a person in Britain has a legal problem, he will go and see a ... . In the US, he will go and see a ... ;

2) A case of divorce is a ... ;

3) If you want to ... your debts, your case will be heard in the County Court;

4) ... is an expert in the interpretation of law. he is also an expert on ... (the art of presenting cases in Court);

5) Coroners who have medical or legal training ... violent or unnatural deaths;

6) A jury consists of twelve jurors who are ordinary people chosen ... from the Electoral Register;

7) In a Magistrates' Court the accused is placed in ... ;

8) A defence lawyer in court ... the witnesses;

9) A judge ... the accused if he ... .

1. What is the reason of the increase of the number of lawyers in the US?

2. What factors do you think create demand for legal services?

3. What is attorney's function in the US?

4. How is an attorney appointed?

5. When does an attorney relinquish?

6. How do US attorneys realize their political ambitions?

7. What does the number of assistant attorneys in federal judicial districts depend on?

The highest representative body that performs legislative functions is the Parliament of the Republic. The Parliament consists of two chambers: the Senate and the Majilis acting on the permanent basis. Two deputies from each region form the Senate and the President of the Republic appoints seven deputies. The Majilis consists of 77 deputies, one-mandate territorial districts elect 67 of them and ten of them are from political parties.

The Government implements the executive power of the country. It is headed by the Prime-Minister, who is appointed by the President with the approval of the Parliament. The Government is responsible for its work to the President and is accountable to the Parliament.

The Supreme Court and the local courts of the state execute the judicial system of the republic. The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body on civil and criminal cases. Control of Constitutional laws is implemented by the Constitutional Council, which consists of 7 members and is elected for a period of six-years.

Local representative and executive bodies exercise control over regional matters. Local representative bodies (Maslihats) express the will of the population of the corresponding administrative-territorial units. An oblast's administrative government, led by an “Akim” oversees executive power in each of Kazakhstan's regions (oblasts). The oblast Akims are appointed by the President with the assistance from the Prime-Minister's nomination.
2.3.2 Answer the following questions:

1. When was the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan adopted?

2. Who is the first President of the Republic of Kazakhstan?

3. What is the highest representative body of the Republic?

4. What does the Parliament consist of?

5. Who heads the Government?

6. What is the function of the local representative bodies?

7. What are the local executive bodies?

8. How are oblasts' Akims appointed?
2.3.3 Choose the right answer:

1)The main law of the state – the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan was adopted in ... :

A) 1995; B) 1998; C) 2003.

2) The oblast Akims are appointed by the ... :

A) Prime-Minister; B) people; C) President.

3) Local representative and executive bodies exercise control over ...:

A) regional matters; B) international matters; C) criminal cases.

4) The president of the state is elected for a seven-year term by universal, equal and direct voting:

A) a seven-year term; B) a four-year term; C) a life period.

5) The Parliament consists of two chambers: ... and ... acting on the permanent basis:

A) the Senate and the Majilis; B) the House of Lords and the House of Commons; C) the Senate and the House of Representatives.

2.3.4 Translate into English:

1) мемлекетіміздің ата заңы;

2) жоғарғы өкілеттік ұйым;

3) зиялы мемлекет;

4) атқарушы орган;

5) сот жүйесі;

6) Жоғарғы Сот;

7) Конституциялық Кеңес;

8) жергілікті басқару органы;

9) жергілікті атқарушы орган;

10) Президенттікке сайлану.

1) It is headed ... the Prime-Minister, who is appointed ... the President ... the approval ... the Parliament;

2) Control of Constitutional laws is implemented ... the Constitutional Council, which consists ... 7 members and is elected ... a period of six-years;

3) Two deputies ... each region form the Senate;

4) The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body ... civil and criminal cases;

5) Local representative and executive bodies exercise control ... regional matters;

6) According ... the Constitution the Republic ... Kazakhstan is a unitary state ... a presidential form ... government.

2.3.6 Read the text

The courts of the republic are the Supreme Court of the Republic and local courts of the Republic established by law.

The Supreme Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the highest judicial body for civil, criminal and other cases which are under the courts of general jurisdiction. It exercises the supervision over their activities in the forms of juridical procedure stipulated by law and provides interpretation on the issues of juridical practice.

The Supreme Court of the Republic consists of the Chairperson of the Supreme Court, the Chairpersons of the Collegiums and judges of the Supreme Court. They are elected by the Senate at the proposal of the President of the Republic based on the recommendation of the Highest Judicial Council of the Republlic.

The Highest Judicial Council is headed by the President of the Republic and consists of the Chairperson of the Constitutional Council, the Chairperson of the Supreme Court, the Prosecutor General, the Minister of Justice, deputies of the Senate, judges and other persons appointed by the President of the Republic.

The Qualification Colleguim of Justice is an autonomous, independent institution formed from the deputies of the Majilis, judges, public prosecutors, teachers and scholars of law and workers of the bodies of justice.

2.3.7. Choose the right answer:

1) They are elected by the Senate at the proposal of the ... based on the recommendation of the Highest Judicial Council of the Republlic:

A) President of the Republic; B) Prime-Minister; C) Prosecutor.

2) The ... of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the highest judicial body for civil, criminal and other cases which are under the courts of general jurisdiction:

A) Supreme Court; B) Criminal Court; C) Civil Court.

3) Justice in the Republic of Kazakhstan is exercised only by the ... :

A) court; B) President; C) Prosecutor.

4) ... is intended to protect the rights, freedom and legal interests of the citizens:

A) Judicial power; B) Executive power; C) Legislative power.

5) The Supreme Court exercises the supervision over their activities in the forms of juridical procedure ... and provides interpretation on the issues of juridical practice:

A) stipulated by law; B) stated in the Constitution; C) controlled by the police.

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