2 William T. Jackman, The Development of Transportation in Modern England (London: Frank
Cass & Co., 1966), 324-7; H. J. Dyos and D. H. Aldcroft, British Transport-An Economic Survey From
the Seventeenth Century to the Twentieth (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1969), 124-31;
Wolfgang Schivelbusch, The Railway Journey: The Industrialization of Time and Space in the 19th
Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986).
3 For a detailed discussion of the unprecedented peacefulness of the last few decades, see
in particular Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined (New
York: Viking, 2011); Joshua S. GoldStein, Winning the War on War: The Decline of Armed Conflict
Worldwide (New York: Dutton, 2011): Gat, War in Human Civilization.
4 ‘World Report on Violence and Health: Summary, Geneva 2002', World Health Organization,
accessed 10 December 2010, http://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/whr01_annex_en.pdf. For mortality
rates in previous eras see: Lawrence H. Keeley, War before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful
Savage (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
5 ‘World Health Report, 2004’, World Health Organization, 124, accessed 10 December 2010,
http://www.who.int/whr/2004/en/reporto4_en.pdf.
6 Raymond C. Kelly, Warless Societies and the Origin of War (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan
Press, 2000), 21. See also Gat, War in Human Civilization, 129-31; Keeley, War before Civilization.
7 Manuel Eisner, ‘Modernization, Self-Control and Lethal Violence’, British Journal of
Criminology 41:4 (2001), 618-638; Manuel Eisner, ‘Long-Term Historical Trends in Violent Crime’,
Crime and Justice: A Review of Research 30 (2003), 83-142; ‘World Report on Violence and Health:
Summary, Geneva 2002’, World Health Organization, accessed 10 December 2010, http://www.who.
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