Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка для студентов
The Cooperative principle and Grice’s maxims
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2. The Cooperative principle and Grice’s maxims In 1975, H. P.Grice published a seminal article entitled "The Co-operative Principle" that created quite a stir on the linguistic scene and generated a large number of linguistic publications that built on Grice’s postulates. Paul Grice proposes that in ordinary conversation, speakers and hearers share a cooperative principle. The basic assumption is that any discourse, whether written or spoken, is a joint effort. Both the speaker and the addressee have to follow certain pragmatic, syntactic, and semantic rules in order to communicate effectively. They have to co- operate. The Cooperative Principle is an attempt to show how speaker’s meaning arises from sentence meaning . As phrased by Paul Grice, who introduced it, it states, "Make your contribution such as it is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged." Though phrased as a prescriptive command, the principle is intended as a description of how people normally behave in conversation. Put more simply, people who obey the cooperative principle in their language use will make sure that what they say in a conversation furthers the purpose of that conversation. Obviously, the requirements of different types of conversations will be different. The cooperative principle can be divided into four maxims, called the Gricean maxims, The principle can be explained by four underlying rules or maxims describing specific rational principles observed by people who obey the cooperative principle; these principles enable effective communication. (David |