Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка для студентов
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лекция по грамматиае
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and continuative or amplifying clauses (" defining " and " non-defining ") This division is however too absolute to cover all patterns. Restrictive clauses are subordinate in meaning to the clause containing the antecedent; continuative clauses are more independent: their contents might often be expressed by an independent statement giving some additional information about the antecedent that is already sufficiently defined. Continuative clauses may be omitted without affecting the precise understanding of the sentence as a whole. This is marked by a different intonation, and by a clear break preceding the continuative clause, no such break separating a restrictive clause from its antecedent. The presence or absence of such a pause is indicated in writing and in print by the presence or absence of a comma before as well as after the sub-clause. 4. Clauses of Cause: 107 Clauses of cause are usually introduced by the conjunctions because, since, and as and indicate purely causal relations. e.g. I had to go home since it was getting dark . As we have just bought a new house, we cannot afford a new car. I did not arrive on time because I had missed my bus. 5. Clauses of Place: Clauses of place do not offer any difficulties of grammatical analysis; they are generally introduced by the relative adverb where or by the phrase from where, to where , etc. e.g.: He went to the café where he hoped to find his friend. 6. Temporal Clauses: Temporal clauses can be used to denote two simultaneous actions or states, one action preceding or following the other, etc. e.g. When we finished our lunch, we left . 7. Clauses of Condition: Conditional sentences can express either a real condition ("open condition") or an unreal condition: If you ask him he will help you (real condition) If you asked him, he would help you (unreal condition) 8. Clauses of Result: Clauses of result or consequence are characterized by two patterns: - clauses introduced by the conjunction that correlated with the pronoun such or the adverb so in the main clause; - clauses introduced by the phrasal connective so that . e.g. Suddenly she felt so relieved that she could not help crying. 9. Clauses of Purpose: Clauses expressing purpose are known to be introduced by the conjunction that or lest and by the phrase in order that . e.g. I avoided mentioning the subject lest he be offended. 10. Clauses of Concession: 108 The following types of concessive clauses are clauses that give information about the circumstances despite or against which what is said in the principal clause is carried out: e.g. I went to the party, though I did not feel like it. 11. Clauses of Manner and Comparison: Sub-clauses of manner and comparison characterize the action of the principal clause by comparing it to some other action. e.g. She was nursing the flower, as a mother nurses her child. жүктеу/скачать 0,5 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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