Маслова А. М., Вайнштейн И., Плебейская ji. С
жүктеу/скачать 0,59 Mb.
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Английския язык для студентов-медиков
- Бұл бет үшін навигация:
- parenterally
- [,kohsistaitis]
- hypochondrium
- Выучите следующие слова
| 1. incubation [,inkju'beifh]: Incubation period is the time during which pathogenic microorganisms grow in the body.
prodromal [,ргэс1го(и)т(э)1]: Prodromal period is the time when the characteristic sympToms of an infectious disease have not appeared yet, but the patient feels a general malaise. parenterally [pa'rentarali]: All intramuscular and intravenous injections are given parenterally, i.e. directly into the organism but not orally. serum ['siaram]: Serum is the watery fluid which remains after blood has coagulated. Answer the following questions: 1. What do pathogenic microorganisms do in the human body during the period of incubation? 2. During what period of an infectious disease haven't its characteristic symptoms appeared yet? 3. What does the term "parenterally" mean? 4. What is the watery fluid which remains after blood has coagulated called? 1. Read Text B. 2. Entitle it. 3. Say how infection spreads in this disease. 4. Put 10 questions to cover all the text: Text В In hepatitis the source of virus is a sick person who may spread the infection by personal contact from the last days of the incubation period during the entire course of the disease. But the infection is particularly virulent in the prodromal period and in the first week of the disease. The patient's blood being highly infective, even a small dose of 0.1 ml may be dangerous for a person. In case of Virus A hepatitis infection enters the body through the mouth when eating infected food or drinking water. In case of Virus В hepatitis infection enters parenterally during transfusions of blood, plasma and serum, prophylactic vaccinations or is due to inadecuately sterilized instruments. Epidemic (Virus A) hepatitis most commonly occurs late in autumn, early in winter, or in spring. The incubation period lasts from 14 days to 50 days, but in Virus В hepatitis it is from 2 to 6-8 months. Botkin's disease causes inflammatory changes and degeneration of hepatic cells and damage to the bile ducts due to which bile enters the lymph flow and subsequently the blood. The tissues of the spleen, gallbladder and the nervous and endocrine systems become involved simultaneously with the liver. LESSON 45 HOME ASSIGNMENTS I. Напишите известные вам сочетания слов 'blood' и 'heart' с Другими словами (не менее 5 на каждое слово). * Замените выделенные слова близкими по значению: 1. In our country prophylactic vaccination is carried out against a number of infectious diseases, (preventive, supportive) 2. Before making a blood transfusion the blood group is to be determined, (to be obtained, to be established) 3. Jaundice may result from the impairment of the common bile duct, (to be due to, to result in) 4. The pain was stated to radiate to the left arm and shoulder, (to spread to, to lead to) 5. The temperature was known to have risen suddenly at the onset of the attack, (to have decreased, to have elevated) 6. The incidence of this disease varies in different age groups, (changes, exchanges) Составьте из двух предложений одно, пользуясь данными в скобках союзами и глаголами в нужном времени: 1. The infection will not appear, (if) The instruments ... adequately, (to remove, to sterilize, to eliminate) 2. Certain viruses will be destroyed (as soon as) The temperature of the substance ... to 100°C. (to elevate, to exclude, to support) 3. Bile will enter the lymph flow, (after) The degeneration of the hepatic cells and damage to the bile ducts .... (to diminish, to support, to occur) Переведите предложения, используя самостоятельный причастный оборот (письменно): 1. Так как была первая неделя гепатита, то инфекция была особенно заразна. 2. Когда была сделана срочная операция по поводу гангренозного аппендицита, у больного были сняты все болезненные симптомы. 3. Когда обильное желудочное кровотечение было остановлено, была устранена опасность для жизни больного. Запомните чтение следующих слов. Найдите их перевод ниже: cholecystitis [,kohsis'taitis], intrahepatic [,intrahi'paetik], extrahepatic [,ekstrahi'paetik], hypochondrium [,haipo(u)'kondriaan], umbilical lyvmbi'laikal], peritoneum [,pento(u)'ni:am], chemotherapy [,kemo(u)'0er3pi] брюшина, холецистит, воспаление желчного пузыря, химиотерапия, лекарственная терапия, внутрипеченочный, пупочный, подреберная область, подреберье, внепеченочный Выучите следующие слова: constipation [,konsti'peifn] п запор irritation [.in'teifn] я раздражение approximately [a'proksimitli] ш/v примерно, приблизительно emergency [i'ma:d33nsi] п неотложный случай; а срочный, неотложный VII. 1. Прочтите текст С. 2. Найдите и переведите предложения: а) с самостоятельным причастным оборотом; б) со сложным подлежащим. 3. Выпишите слова с суффиксами '-ity', '-ize', '-ness', '-ency'. 4. Назовите все симптомы острого холецистита. 5. Выпишите английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний: сильная боль, боль усиливается, у совершенно здоровых людей, тяжелое течение, чрезвычайно опасна для жизни Text С. Acute Cholecystitis Among inflammatory diseases of bile ducts the most frequent is cholecystitis or the inflammation of the gallbladder. Cholecystitis is known to occur rarely in isolated condition, inflammatory processes both in the intrahepatic and extrahepatic ducts, sometimes with the involvement of the liver being associated with it. The main forms of cholecystitis are the following: catarrhal, purulent and gangrenous. The patient with cholecystitis is known to complain of intense pain, it being localized in the right hypochondrium and in the umbilical area. An attack of pain is usually preceded by physical and mental overstrain, sharp physical movements or abnormalities in diet, fatty food and alcohol being responsible for the onset of pain. But sometimes pain is observed to appear suddenly in quite healthy persons. Pain may radiate to the right shoulder, right arm, sternum, and lumbar area, its intensity depending on the form of cholecystitis and the patient's sensitivity. The pain grows much worse when the patient is lying on his right side. Dryness in the mouth, vomiting, nausea, and constipation are the characteristic clinical manifestations of the disease. During the attack of pain the face is moist with cold perspiration, the skin is pale, the tongue and lips are dry. Even a slight palpation reveals severe tenderness, it being due to irritation of the peritoneum. Approximately in 40- 50% of cases there is slight jaundice of sclerae. The biochemical blood analysis is known to reveal some changes, they resulting from the effect of toxic substances in the liver. Purulent form of cholecystitis is highly dangerous to life and requires an emergency operation. An even more severe course is observed in gangrenous cholecystitis. Recovery is achieved by surgical treatment, it being followed by prolonged antibiotic therapy and chemotherapy. a) Supply words and word combinations having close meaning to the following: preventive, to rise, about five months, to radiate to, to involve, acute, to result in, to determine, lesion, entire b) Supply words of the opposite meaning: to elevate, to recover, to diminish, approximately, dry, empty, sharp, base, to doubt the diagnosis Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate tense of the Indefinite group. Translate the sentences: 1. Products of protein, fat, and carbohydrate digestion (to be absorbed) from the gastrointestinal tract by the liver in which they (to undergo) furthur chemical processes. 2. The liver (to destroy) toxic substances which usually (to be formed) in the intestinal tract as well as some poisons which (to enter) the body from without. 3. Jaundice (to be known) to be the disease which (to be due to) the presence of a large amount of bilirubin in the blood and tissues. Choose the appropriate form of the Infinitive. Translate the sentences: 1. The patient was known ... stool retention accompanied by nausea a month before his present admission to the hospital. (a) to have; b) to have had; c) to be having) 2. Sensitivity to antibiotics was reported ... not only in this patient but in all the other members of the family as well since their early age. ( a) to be present; b) to have been present) 3. Prophylactic vaccination was found... since no cases of hepatitis were diagnosed after its administration. (a) to be effective; b) to have been effective) 4. Skin irritation was revealed... after each parenteral administration of this preparation. (a) to occur; b) to have occurred; c) to be occurring) Make up sentences of your own using each of the given words first as a subject, and then as an attribute: heart, blood, lymph, serum, nerve 1. Read-Text D. 2. Entitle it. 3. Say why probing with radio-pill is used: TextD It is common knowledge how difficult it is to examine the gastrointestinal tract. Long rubber tubes are used and the process of probing is known to cause the patient much discomfort. It gives only limited possibilities for the examination of the stomach and none at all for the intestine. Usual physiological methods are often ineffective for studying many important processes in the human intestine. But a small electronic instrument called a radio-pill (радиокапсула) helps the physician in this matter. It is a small tube less than two cm long and only some millimetres in diameter. A very small transistor—transmitter is inside the tube. The patient swallows this radio-pill which passes along the gastrointestinal tract sending information on pressure, temperature, gastric secretion, the lever of acidity, etc., thus helping the physician to reveal all the pathologic changes. LESSON 46 HOME ASSIGNMENTS I. Напишите глаголы, используя указанные суффиксы. Полученные слова переведите: жүктеу/скачать 0,59 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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