Методическая разработка по английскому языку для студентов факультета химии и химической технологии " Simple Chemistry" Алматы 2017

We subdivide each shell into subshells. They are made up of orbitals, each of which has electrons with different angular momentum. Each orbital in a shell has a characteristic shape, and is named by a letter. They are: s, p, d, and f. In one-electron atom (e.g. H, He⁺, Li⁺, etc.) the energy of each orbital within a particular shell is identical. When there is more than one electron, they interact with one another and split the orbitals into different energies. Within any particular shell, the energy of the orbitals depends on the angular momentum. The simplest orbital in the atom is the 1s orbital. It has no radial or angular nodes: the 1s orbital is simply a sphere of electron density. The s orbital holds two electrons, as long as they have different spin quantum numbers. Starting from the 2^nd shell, there is a set of p orbitals. Each orbital accommodates two electrons. The first set of d orbitals is the 3d set. The angular momentum quantum number is 2, so each orbital has two angular nodes. There are 5 choices for the magnetic quantum number, which gives rise to 5 different d orbitals. Each orbital holds two electrons. The first set of f orbitals is the 4f subshell. There are 7 possible magnetic quantum numbers, so there are 7 f orbitals. There are 14 f electrons because each orbital holds two electrons (with opposite spins).