П. М. Кольцов т.ғ. д., профессор, Қалмақ мемлекеттік д и. н., профессор, Калмыцкий
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| Key words: pragmatics, newspaper, linguistic functions, world picture, emotive function, cpnnotative function, phatic function, text structure.
Definition of pragmatics is interpreted in different ways; however, we would like to highlight several of them. As stated by George Yule (1996:3), “Pragmatics is the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader); “Pragmatics deals with the factors that govern our choice of language in social interaction and the effects of our choice on others.” (David Crystal, 1995:81). Nina D. Arutyunova mentions that pragmatics “studies the behavior of characters in real communication processes (1985:3). Ultimately, pragmatics is a linguistic discipline that studies the ability of language speakers to express their intentions as well as perceive the intentions of a talker by means of separate words or syntactic structures utilized depending on certain context or a situation. Also, it studies methods for creating specific attitude towards a subject matter. The following linguistic means are the object of study in pragmatics: deictic expressions, anaphors, irony, idioms, metaphors, etc. Pragmatic aspect of an utterance (or a text) embraces multiple aspects. Among all others the attitude of an author to an addressee is considered as most obvious and leading aspect. However, other aspects are also important and are worth mentioning. The following issues are the focus of interest in pragmatics: linguistic mechanism of pragmatics performance, linguistic functions, forms of pragmatic content delivery; verbal and non-verbal means of newspaper pragmatics execution (i.e. exclamations vs. caricatures). All listed means, both explicit and implicit, serve to purvey a certain attitude towards an article, which is an ultimate destination point of a journalist. It is hard to over evaluate the importance of expressive (emotive) function, as it focuses on addressee and, at the same time, reveals the author's emotions and reflects his/her evaluation of the subject. However, one cannot deny that some emotions have nothing to do with the content of a text as thunder the influence of external factors, like bad mood, unsuitable environment, tiredness and so on. This is why expression cannot be equivalent to pragmatics since the latter is a far more complicated notion. It is means of gaining the objectives of pragmatics. In newspaper style, expressive function is widely used in all sorts of articles, be it an editorial, commercial, gossip column or an obituary as well as in headlines and basically to render facts. The author expresses personal attitude towards the subject by "pulling right strings" of a reader's emotions. See the examples: “Barclays Cuts 2,000 “Casino” Jobs” (The Sunday Times, February, 2013); “Whistleblowing Laws to be Revamped” (The Guardian, February, 2013) Connotative function of newspaper language conveys a direct and most impressive focus on a reader. This feature is rendered through imperatives as part of volitive linguistic structures calling for response action. Imperative structures express an order, getting an addressee to implement/ stay away from implementing a verbal act, which is a core message of a phrase. Example: “Subscribe to the Guardian Weekly - a unique digest of the week's news delivered to your door - and receive four issues free!” (The Guardian, February, 2013) As it was mentioned above, the most obvious feature of connotative function is focus on a reader or so-called “factor of Addressee”. In practice, the factor of Addressee is always related to the factor of Addresser, for it is the Addresser’s message that a reader is supposed to perceive. This interrelation lies in the essence of pragmatics in general. Phatic function is commonly seen in typewritten texts and socio-political topic raising articles. The phatic function is what keeps the channels of communication. In newspaper articles it is associated with almost complete sacrifice of informative side in an utterance. At the same time, it appeals to public social unity, creates an air of friendliness and sustains stereotypic attitude. This is reached by using certain set phrases that do not bear much content, still existing by themselves. Typical expressions are “Good morning”, “You don’t say so”, “of course” have minimal content and serve the key purpose – to converse. A good example of phatic function in a newspaper text would be a piece of speech USA President, Barack Obama gave on November 7th, 2012 after winning the second term. “ …To the best campaign team and volunteers in the history of politics – the best – the best ever – some of you were new this time around, and some of you have been at my side since the very beginning. But all of you are family. No matter what you do or where you go from here, you will carry the memory of the history we made together...” (The Guardian. November 2012) Another way to capture an addressee’s attention is focusing on the shape of an utterance, which serves to attract, tune on desired emotional mood and ultimately mould a corresponding Addressee’s attitude to the text. All these objectives can be reached through poetic function. Below you may see a typical example of delivering pragmatics by means of poetic function: “Should I Stay or Should I Go?: Daytime Television Bosses Play Musical Chairs” (The Guardian, February 2013) Focus on efficient rendering of contextual information. A peculiar feature of newspaper style pragmatics is that is can be reached by implementing specific linguistic functions and stylistic approaches as well as structuring an article in a way a Reader can get the most of its content just by throwing a glance on a page. Defining specific text structure is a tool, successfully utilized by journalist of most contemporary newspapers. First and foremost condition here is rendering the key message and most of the article content at a minimal concentration and attention conveyed by a reader. Notwithstanding to the abundance of ways of executing essential objectives of pragmatics, i. e. creating specific attitude of a Reader and ensuring interrelation between the Addresser and the Addressee, a non-native speaker struggles to perceive pragmatic targets adequately and in full measure. The ground for that is basically the difference Addresser and Addressee’s linguistic world pictures. Therefore, studying a foreign language on a professional level should encompass the features of rendering pragmatics in a live speech. This is successfully achieved by including the study of original newspaper articles. Since standardization and expressiveness are two basic characteristics combined in a newspaper style, the role of pragmatics is way more obvious in this specific style as in any others. Producing an influence on an Addressee through a number of stylistic functions and approaches is an essence of pragmatics, which totally fits the major goal of any article. A high-level categorization of pragmatic delivery is comprised by though not limited to the following features: expressive (emotive) function, connotative function, phatic function, poetic function, efficient rendering of contextual information. However, a non-native language speaker may be significantly less subject perceiving a newspaper article target message due to the discrepancies in linguistic world pictures with Addresser. жүктеу/скачать 8,64 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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