Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка для студентов
which covered her clothes, but
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лекция по грамматиае
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- Lecture 15 Semantics and Pragmatics. Expressed and Implied Meaning of the Utterance.
- 1. Semantics and Pragmatics
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covered her clothes, but started up the central walk with curious glances at either side. Her face was very eager and expectant, yet she hadn’t at all that glorified expression that girls wear when they arrive for a Senior Prom at Princeton or New Haven; still , as there were no senior proms here, perhaps it didn’t matter. (F. S. Fitzgerald) 112 Lecture 15 Semantics and Pragmatics. Expressed and Implied Meaning of the Utterance. 1. Semantics and pragmatics. 2. Presupposition and its types. 3. Implication and inference. 1. Semantics and Pragmatics Describing the ways in which sentences are formed, many scholars make reference to meaning and how sentences express it. In modern linguistics, meaning is not treated as a unitary phenomenon. The analysis of meaning is treated as divisible into two major domains. The first deals with the sense conventionally assigned to sentences independently of the contexts in which they might be uttered. This is the domain called semantics . The second deals with the way in which utterances are interpreted in context, and the ways in which the utterance of a particular sentence in a certain context may convey a message that is not actually expressed in the sentence and in other contexts might not have been conveyed. This is the domain called pragmatics . Semantics is thus concerned with the meaning that is directly expressed, or encoded, in sentences, while pragmatics deals with the principles that account for the way utterances are actually interpreted in context. Pragmatics is concerned not with the meaning of sentences as units of the language system but with the interpretation of utterances in context. Utterances in context are often interpreted in ways that cannot be accounted for simply in terms of the meaning of the sentence uttered. A central principle in pragmatics, which drives a great deal of the utterance interpretation process, is that the addressee of an utterance will expect it to be relevant , and will normally interpret it on that basis. One of the major problems concerning semantics and pragmatics is lack of adequate definition. The definitions that have been offered do not delimit pragmatics from semantics either clearly and neatly, or to everybody’s satisfaction. G. Leech distinguishes between three possible ways of structuring this 113 relationship: semanticism (pragmatics inside semantics – Searle), pragmaticism (semantics inside pragmatics – Austin) and complementarism (semantics and pragmatics complement each other, but are otherwise independent areas of research – Leech). жүктеу/скачать 0,5 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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