Естественнонаучная грамотность. Минск: рикз, 2020. 168 с
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Epistemic Knowledge 49. Epistemic knowledge is a knowledge of the constructs and defining features essential to the process of knowledge building in science and their role in justifying the knowledge produced by science e.g. , a hypothesis, a theory or an observation and its role in contributing to how we know what we know (Duschl, 2007). Those who have such knowledge can explain, with examples, the distinction between a scientific theory and a hypothesis or a scientific fact and an observation. They would know that the construction of models, be they directly representational, abstract or mathematical, is a key feature of science and that such models are akin to maps rather than accurate pictures of the material world. They would, for instance, recognise that any particle model of matter is an idealised representation of matter and be able to explain how the Bohr model is a limited model of what we know about the atom and its constituent parts. They will recognise that the conception of a ‘theory’ as used in science is not the same as the notion of a ‘theory’ in eve ryday language where it is used as a synonym for a ‘guess’ or a ‘hunch’. Whereas procedural knowledge is required to explain what is meant by the control of variables strategy, being able to explain why the use of the control of variables strategy or replication of measurements is central to establishing knowledge in science is epistemic knowledge. 50. Scientifically literate individuals will also understand that scientists draw on data to advance claims to knowledge and that argument is a commonplace feature of science. In particular, they will know that some arguments in science are hypothetico-deductive ( e.g. , Copernicus’ argument for the heliocentric system), some are inductive (the conservation of energy), and some are an inference to the best explanat ion (Darwin’s theory of evolution or Wegener’s argument for moving continents). Also understood would be the role and significance of peer review as the mechanism that the scientific community has established for testing claims to new knowledge. As such, epistemic knowledge provides a rationale for the procedures and practices in which scientists engage, a knowledge of the structures and defining features which guide scientific enquiry, and the foundation for the basis of belief in the claims that science makes about the natural world. 51. Figure 6 represents what are considered to be the major features of epistemic knowledge necessary for scientific literacy. |