«СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ И ТЕНДЕНЦИИ ХИМИИ И ХИМИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ В XXI ВЕКЕ»
«XXI ҒАСЫРДАҒЫ ХИМИЯ ЖӘ
НЕ ХИМИЯЛЫҚ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯНЫҢ ЗАМАНАУИ ЖЕТІСТІКТЕРІ МЕН ТЕНДЕНЦИЯЛА
РЫ»
mass motorization required large volumes of fuel, respectively, and the
benchmark was for the construction of plants for the production of fuel
from non-renewable resources.
At the moment, according to the statistics of Askhat Khasenov (the
current Vice Minister of Energy), the average oil price is 100,000 tenge
per 1 ton, which is about $ 29.55 per barrel in February 2023, which is
2.7 times less compared to 2022, which accordingly can be concluded that
in the global oil sector the turning point has come. According to Askhat
Magauov, the liberalization of retail prices for petroleum products may
lead to the cessation of the annual growth in the consumption of gasoline
and diesel fuel in Kazakhstan.
Taking into account all the latest updates about the reduction
of oil production, nowadays, one of the priority areas of innovative
development of Kazakhstan is to increase energy efficiency, as well as the
rational use of resources. According to the Bureau of National Statistics,
about 4.4 million cars were registered in Kazakhstan as of December 1,
2022, including passenger cars – 87.8% (3.8 million), trucks – 10.1%
(444400), buses – 2.1% (92600); Of 87.9% of passenger cars in the
republic use gasoline as fuel, and most trucks run on diesel fuel [2, p. 7].
Turning to the current topic of biofuels, the question arises why
countries do not switch from oil consumption, if the production and use
of biofuels is so profitable and simple?
In 2007, the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan at the
legislative level approved the «Concept for the development of the
biofuel market», and in 2010 the law «On state regulation of production
and turnover of biofuels» was adopted. Moreover, in the autumn of
2006, the “Biohim” plant was opened in the North Kazakhstan region,
which according to the plan was to produce about 57,000 tons of
bioethanol annually, which could give an impetus to the development of
biofuel production in the country. However, in 2012, this company was
declared bankrupt due to a sharp rise in grain prices and low demand
among consumers, which jeopardized the development of bioethanol
production [3].
However, taking into account the fact that even if Kazakhstan has
a good potential in the use of renewable energy sources and has all
significant economic, social and environmental benefits, the percentage
of production using renewable resources remains low - 1.1% according
to the indicators of 2018[4].
Based on all of the above, we can move on to the reasons for the
slow transition to biofuels. What are the main obstacles?
Analyzing the data, opinions were divided into pros and cons, one
half of the experts believe that the production of biofuels in Kazakhstan
is unprofitable. «In order to produce biofuels, it is necessary to improve
technologies and provide appropriate preferences for producers», also the
addition of bioethanol increases fuel consumption by 20-30%, which is
considered a useless transfer of raw materials for oil-producing countries.
On the other hand, proponents of biofuels argue that the improvement
of technologies will set an incentive for the growth of food crops and
livestock production to obtain additional raw materials, and will also
allow to adhere to the policy of three R -Reduce-Recycle-Reuse, which
can reduce waste emissions into the environment and decrease the climate
crisis. In addition to the above-mentioned advantages, this will lead to
a high industrialization of the agro-industrial sector, especially in the
North Kazakhstan regions, where plant biomass, straw, animal fat and
vegetable oil waste, household waste can be used as raw materials [5].
Nevertheless, there is a demand for biofuels from some European
countries, China and Japan, which could contribute to the development
of biofuel production and export in Kazakhstan. It is possible to notice
a significant difference in the percentage of biofuel producers in the top
five producers [Figure 1, p. 3]. Where, for example, the USA occupies
a leading position with 36.9% and by a large margin, but France is in
6th place with 2,2% of production, which differs from Kazakhstan by
only 1.1% [6].
Summing up, it can be noted that there are 3 main reasons for the
slow development of biofuel production in Kazakhstan. Firstly, the lack
of attention from the government. The state focuses on the extraction
of minerals and exports, without thinking about the environmental
consequences. Secondly, industrial and infrastructural stagnation, the
economy of Kazakhstan 15 years later still remains vulnerable from the
external environment, in particular from the situation on the world oil
market. This hinders the development of alternative energy sources. And
since the country’s attention is focused on the export of mineral resources,
most of the finance goes to the oil industry, thereby not giving biofuels
a chance, which is the third reason.
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