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great number of sub-skills, which construct the overall skill of listening. Sometimes
the ‘bottom-up’ skills are called ‘micro’ skills O’Malley proposed his own checklist
of sub-skills involved in listening, which shows the wide range of possible skills . He
distinguishes the following skills: perception skills (recognizing individual sounds,
discriminating between sounds, identifying reduced forms in fast speech, identifying
stressed syllables, words, recognizing intonation patterns), language skills
(identifying individual words and groups and building up possible meanings for
them, identifying discourse markers which organize the content of information –
then, as a matter of fact, first, second, third, to start with), using knowledge of the
world , dealing with information . Good listeners need to be able to use a combination
of sub-skills simultaneously when processing spoken language; the skills they will
need at any particular moment will depend on the kind of text they are listening to,
and their reasons for listening to it. Of course, in the beginning, language learners
will not be very good at these skills and teachers will need to teach them strategies
for coping with what they have missed or misunderstood.
Why Listening Skills are necessary?
Effective listening requires a conscious effort and a willing mind. Generally, there
are four reasons.To Gain New Information & Ideas . Most of the learning comes
through listening. Effective listeners welcome new inform. Companies that listen
effectively stay informed and up to date.
To Test Evidence
When a speaker talks, he actually presents the message based on facts and opinions.
Good listeners test those facts and opinions and then question the speaker to know the
truth. They try to uncover the speaker’s point of view and credibility.
To Be Inspired:
Sometimes people listen to get inspiration. By listening attentively, they get
inspired and ready to take action.
Active listening is the process of understanding fully what the speaker has said both
in content and in feeling. In the active listening, you are both mentally and physically
prepared.
Passive Listening – listening without talking and without directing the speaker in
any non-verbal way is known as passive listening. In passive listening, you are
physically present but mentally absent.
To sum up, teachers and learners focus too much on the product of listening and too
little on the process. The solution is to perform different listening exercises and
activities using bottom-up and top-down strategies to acquire listening skills in
learners. Listening exercises should fulfill different purposes: familiarizing learners
with the features of natural conversational speech, and training learners in two types
of listening skills. These skills and strategies practiced in isolation must later be
combined and applied to a longer text. Effective use of listening skills and strategies
will help us achieve desirable results in a classroom and real-life listening.
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