Partly assimilated borrowings

• 
  borrowings non- assimilated semantically, because they denote objects and notions peculiar to the country from the language of which they were borrowed, e.g. sari, sombrero, taiga, kvass;
  
• 
  borrowings non- assimilated grammatically, e.g. bacillus-bacilli, phenomenon- phenomena, datum- data, genius-genii,etc.
  
• 
  borrowings non- assimilated phonetically, e.g. girl, get, give, kid, kill, kettle, German, child, life-live, police, cartoon, camouflage, bourgeois;
  
• 
  borrowings can be partly assimilated graphically, e.g. Greek borrowings ‘y’ can be spelled in the middle of the word ( symbol, synonym), ‘ph’ denotes the sound [f] ( phoneme, morpheme), ’ch’ denotes the sound [k] ( chemistry, chaos), ‘ps’ denotes the sound [ s] psychology.
  

1. Historically there have been two outstanding theories of electrification: the one-fluid theory of Benjamin Franklin and the two-fluid theory of Charles Du Fay,. According to the two-fluid theory, all objects contain equal amounts of two fluids. When two different substances are rubbed together, one kind of fluids (positive0 is spread over one object and the other kind of fluid (negative0 over the other.

2. According to the one-fluid theory of Franklin, all bodies contain a certain specified amount of an “electric fire” or fluid to keep them in an uncharged or neutral state. When two objects are rubbed together; one accumulates an excess of fluid and becomes positively charged while the other loses fluid and becomes negatively charged. To Franklin we owe the terms “plus” and “minus”, “positive” and “negative” electricity.

3. We consider both of these theories to be in part correct, for now we know the mechanism by which bodies become electrified by friction. The modern theory is based upon the principle already put forward – that all substances are made of atoms and molecules. Each atom contains a nucleus having a known amount of positive charge. This positive charge is due to the presence in the nucleus of a certain number of protons. All protons are alike and have the same mass and positive charge. Around every atomic nucleus there are a number of negatively charged particles, called electrons.

4 .While protons are much smaller than electrons in size, they contain the bulk of the mass of every atom. One proton, for example, weighs nearly two thousand times as much as an electron. The electrons therefore are light particles or objects around a small but relatively heavy nucleus.

5. Individually atoms or large groups of atoms and molecules have an affinity, an attraction for additional electrons over and the exact number which will just neutralize the positive charges of the nuclei. This attraction of the atoms for more than a sufficient number of electrons varies considerably from atom to atom and substance to substance. When, therefore, two different substances are brought onto contact, the substance with greater electron affinity seizes nearby electrons from the other, and thus acquires a net negative charge. Such is the case, for example, with rubber and amber when they are rubbed with fur. Having astrong affinity for electrons, both of these solids become strongly negative, whereas the fur becomes deficient of electrons and thereby positively charged.

Datum-data, erratum-errata, memorandum-memoranda, nucleus-nuclei, formula-formulae, series-series, basis- bases, crisis- crises, analysis-analyses, phenomenon-phenomena

II. Translate the following words bearing in mind the meaning of the affixes and memorize them:nature (n), naturalist (n), natural (adj), unnatural (adj)

1. 
   to observe (v), observer (n), observation (n)
   
2. 
   to transfer (v), transference (n)
   
3. 
   to apply (v),.application (n), applicant (n)
   
4. 
   to identify (v), identification (n), identity (n)
   
5. 
   to encourage (v), encouragement (n), courage (n)
   
6. 
   to agree (v), agreement (n), agreeable (adj), agreeably (adv)
   
7. 
   to lead (v), leader (n), leadership (n)
   
8. 
   to announce (v), announcer (n), announcement (n)
   

Difference, assimilation, respiration, reproduction, organization, movement, magnification, resemblance, relation.

To discover, to construct, to affect, to know, to develop, to vary, to divide, 'to differ, to resemble, to observe, to suggest, to apply, to encourage, to agree, to mag­nify, to appear.

1. We want the theory to give a satisfactory explanation of experimental facts. 2. The alchemists wanted to change all sorts of common metals into gold. 3. We think the atom to be held together by the forces of attraction and repulsion. 4. We consider electricity to have always been associated with the forces acting between objects.5. The scientists wanted the properties of electricity on the move to be studied.

1. 
   What theories of electrification have been known historically?
   
2. 
   What does the two-fluid theory say?
   
3. 
   In what way are positive and negative fluids spread over the objects?
   
4. 
   What does one-fluid theory say?
   
5. 
   What is the difference between these two theories?
   
6. 
   What terms did Franklin introduce?
   
7. 
   What can we say that both of these theories are in part correct?
   
8. 
   What is the basic principle of the modern theory?
   
9. 
   What is the positive charge of the nucleus due to?
   
10. 
    What can be said about protons?
    
11. 
    What participles are known to be electrons?
    
12. 
    What is affinity?
    
13. 
    Under what conditions can a substance acquire a net negative charge?
    
14. 
    What example of a substance having a strong affinity for electrons can be given?
    

1. Read the text and try to understand it.

Look up the words you do not know in a dictionary.

2. Lead and support the conversation with partner.

3. Write a short composition about your future profession using questions.
Literature:

1. Е.И.Курашвили. Английский язык для студентов – физиков.

Москва Астрель. АСТ 2005

2. Е.В. Хомутова. Интенсивный курс английского языка для физиков. Издательство Московского университета 1983

1. to learn to take the necessary information from the read text and to use it in informal conversation

2. to transfer the own thought in foreign language.

3. to communicate in English with partner on this subject

2. The property of electrical conduction can be illustrated by an experiment. One end of a long thin copper wire is connected to an electroscope and the other end to a small brass knob mounted on a glass pedestal. When a charged rubber rod is touched to the knob, the gold leaf of the distant electroscope rises immediately. Electrons have been conducted along the wire. If a positively charged rod contacts the knob, electrons flow away from the electroscope, leaving the gold leaf with a positive charge.

3. If the copper wire in the above experiment is replaced by a non conductor, like a silk thread, the electroscope cannot be charged by the rod contacting the distant knob. Poor conductors, such a glass or amber, are used to support metal parts of electrical apparatuses for them to be insulated from unnecessary losses of electricity. For an electroscope to retain its electric charge the gold leaf and stem are insulated from the electroscope case with amber.

4. The difference between a conductor and insulator, or dielectric, is that in a conductor there are free electrons, whereas in an insulator all of the electrons are tightly bound to their respective atoms. In an uncharged body, there are an equal number of positive and negative charges. In metals a few of the electrons are free to move from atom to atom, so that when a negatively charged rod is brought to the end of a conductor; it repels nearby free electrons in the conductor and causes them to move. They in turn repel free electrons in front of them and give rise to

a flow electrons all along the conductor. Hence it is not necessarily the electrons from the charged rubber rod that reach the electroscope leaf, but rather the electrons from the end of the wire where it touches the electroscope knob.

5. There are a large number of substances that are neither good conductor of electricity nor good insulators. These substances are called semiconductors. In them, electrons can move only with some difficulty, i.e., with considerable force.

easy, heavy, rare, tremendous, careful, familiar, perfect, incident, slow, great, dark

like, human, general, nice, wide, full, extreme, spherical, equal, warm, beautiful, true,

late, bad, good, real, exact, approximate.

1. For us to electrify amber is easy. 2. We know like charges to repel and unlike charges to attract. 3. The ampere is known to be the practical unit of electric current. 4. Along with the kilogram, meter, and second, the ampere is to be considered as the fourth fundamental unit. 5. Protons seem to be much smaller than electrons in size.

Give a summary of the text. Write a short composition about your University Studies

1. Read the text and try to translate without dictionary

2. Do the exercises belong the text in writing

3 Form dialogue and monologue speech

1. Е.И.Курашвили. Английский язык для студентов – физиков.

Москва Астрель. АСТ 2005

2. Е.В. Хомутова. Интенсивный курс английского языка для физиков. Издательство Московского университета 1983

1. to acquire the special text with the aim learning the necessary information.

2. to learn lexical minimum and to use it in practice.

3. to communicate in English with partner on this subject

1. 
   The modern theory of magnetism, which is now quite firmly established as being correct, is that a piece of iron consists of tiny elementary magnets. These tiny ultramicroscopic magnets consist of individual atoms.
   
2. 
   Before a piece of iron or steel has been magnetized, these elementary magnets may be thought of as being oriented more or less at random throughout the metal.
   
3. 
   During the time a piece of iron is being magnetized, these elementary magnets are turned around and lined up parallel to each other and to the magnetizing field. Lined up in this way, the small N and S poles are adjacent to each other and cancel each other’s effect on external objects. At one end there are many free N poles, and at the opposite end an equal number of free S poles.
   
4. 
   When a magnet is broken at any point, free S poles are exposed at one side of the break and free N poles at the other. It is therefore clear why poles always exist in pairs and that, no matter how many times a magnet is broken, each peace will contain an N at one end and an S pole at the other.
   
5. 
   When soft iron is magnetized by induction and the permanent magnet is taken away, the elementary magnets return to their original random orientations, but, when hardened steel becomes magnetized, they remain lined up after the magnetizing field is taken away
   

tiny elementary magnets, ultramicroscopic, magnetizing field, external objects, soft iron, Induction, the permanent magnet, hardened steel, magnetizing field

1. The modern theory of magnetism, which is now quite firmly established as being correct, is that a piece of iron consists …. 2. Before a piece of iron or steel has been magnetized, these elementary magnets may be thought of as being oriented more or less …. 3. During the time a piece of iron is being magnetized, these elementary magnets are turned around and lined up parallel to each other and…. 4. When a magnet is broken at any point, free S poles are exposed at one side of the break and free N poles…. 5.

Discussion, short composition

1. Read the text and try to translate without dictionary

2. Do the exercises belong the text in writing

3 Form dialogue and monologue speech

1. Е.И.Курашвили. Английский язык для студентов – физиков.

Москва Астрель. АСТ 2005

2. Е.В. Хомутова. Интенсивный курс английского языка для физиков. Издательство Московского университета 1983

1. to learn to take the necessary information from the read text and to use it in informal conversation

2. to transfer the own thought in foreign language.

3. to communicate in English with partner on this subject

1. Light and its various phenomena present some of the most interesting studies in the

whole realm of physics. They are inter­esting because the results of many experiments

are revealed through the sense of vision as color phenomena. Equally important and

every bit as interesting is the historical development and dis­covery of the various

principles, concepts, and properties of light which give rise to these phenomena.

2. 
   Read these international words and give their equivalents:
   

photoelectric, effect.

.III. Read and guess the meanings of these words:

expression-to express; product-production; equal-equally-to equate-equality; combination- to combine; difference- to differ- to differentiate - differential; base- baseless; to think-thinker.

1. Light and its various phenomena present some of the most interesting studies in the

whole … 2. Equally important and every bit as interesting is the historical development and dis­covery of the various…. 3. These experiments may be grouped together and classified under one of the three fol­lowing heads: ….. 4. Each of these may be subdivided as follows: geometrical optics: rectilinear propagation, finite velocity, ….
Form of reporting

Discussion, short composition

1. Read the text and try to translate without dictionary

2. Do the exercises belong the text in writing

3 Form dialogue and monologue speech

1. Е.И.Курашвили. Английский язык для студентов – физиков.

Москва Астрель. АСТ 2005

2. Е.В. Хомутова. Интенсивный курс английского языка для физиков. Издательство Московского университета 1983

1. to acquire the special text with the aim learning the necessary information.

2. to learn lexical minimum and to use it in practice.

3. to communicate in English with partner on this subject

Stimulated Emission and Radiation, highly parallel bеam of light, a Fabry—Perot interferometer,

crystal of ruby, the atomic lattice structure, intensified waves, original light waves
III. Ask 5 or 6 questions to the text.
III. Topics for discussion:

1. Properties of Light

2 The use of a laser.

Form of reporting

Discussion, short composition

1. Read the text and try to translate without dictionary

2. Do the exercises belong the text in writing

3 Form dialogue and monologue speech

1. Е.И.Курашвили. Английский язык для студентов – физиков.

Москва Астрель. АСТ 2005

2. Е.В. Хомутова. Интенсивный курс английского языка для физиков. Издательство Московского университета 1983

1. to acquire the special text with the aim learning the necessary information.

2. to learn lexical minimum and to use it in practice.

3. to communicate in English with partner on this subject

1. Look through the first paragraphs and find the sentence supporting the idea of title

2. Read carefully the second paragraph of the text and say a few words about the possible fields of investigation in the 21^st century.

3. Read the passage and find answers to the following questions.

1. What factor is augmenting the slow pace of nature and making us rush at tomorrow?

2. What makes the author prognosticate a continuous assault on space in future?

3. Why does the author predict great researches of the seas and oceans?

4. What tools of investigation of the universe has the author mentioned?

5. Why is the author cautious while speaking of new technologies?

Form of reporting

Discussion, short composition

1. Read the text and try to translate without dictionary

2. Do the exercises belong the text in writing

3 Form dialogue and monologue speech

1. Е.И.Курашвили. Английский язык для студентов – физиков.

Москва Астрель. АСТ 2005

2. Е.В. Хомутова. Интенсивный курс английского языка для физиков. Издательство Московского университета 1983

1. to acquire the special text with the aim learning the necessary information.

2. to learn lexical minimum and to use it in practice.

3. to communicate in English with partner on this subject

Москва Астрель. АСТ 2005 on page 20-22

1. 
   Read the passage and find arguments to prove that people can look up the stars and down at the atoms with an equal degree of infer-and superiority.
   
2. 
   Look through the passage again and answers to the questions below the passage.
   

1. Macrocosm objects and their special units of measurements.

2. Microcosm objects and their special units of measurements.

3. Time intervals of micro-and macrocosm.

4. The human race in the Universe.

Form of reporting

Discussion, short composition

1. Read the text. Analyze each paragraph and its translation.

2 .Do the tasks below the text in writing

3. Sum up the main ideas.

4. Be ready to ask and answer all topical questions and do it in writing
3 Form dialogue and monologue speech

The list of literatures:

1. Е.И.Курашвили. Английский язык для студентов – физиков.

Москва Астрель. АСТ 2005

2. Е.В. Хомутова. Интенсивный курс английского языка для физиков. Издательство Московского университета 1983

1. to acquire the special text with the aim learning the necessary information.

2. to learn lexical minimum and to use it in practice.

3. to communicate in English with partner on this subject

Read from the book by . Е.И.Курашвили. Английский язык для студентов – физиков.

Москва Астрель. АСТ 2005 on page 28-30

Tasks and questions

1. 
   Read the passage and discuss the following idea: ”How can scientists so confidently predict what will occur in the next 100 years when we can’t even predict the weather for tomorrow?”
   

3. Translate the sentences marked with an asterisk.

Discussion, short composition

1. Read the text and try to translate without dictionary

2. Do the exercises belong the text in writing

3 Form dialogue and monologue speech

1. Е.И.Курашвили. Английский язык для студентов – физиков.

Москва Астрель. АСТ 2005

2. Е.В. Хомутова. Интенсивный курс английского языка для физиков. Издательство Московского университета 1983

1. to acquire the special text with the aim learning the necessary information.

2. to learn lexical minimum and to use it in practice.

3. to communicate in English with group mates

1. Read the text. Analyze each paragraph and its translation.

2 .Do the tasks below the text in writing

3. Sum up the main ideas.

4. Be ready to ask and answer all topical questions and do it in writing

Form of reporting

Composition

1. Read and translate the text “Super clusters and voids in the distribution of Galaxies

”

2. Pick up the new words from this text, translate and transcribe them

Москва Астрель. АСТ 2005 on page: 33-35

List checking questions on subjects

1. What would you like to be?

2. What subject was your favorite subject at school?

3. 
   Was it easy for you to choose a profession?
   
4. 
   When did you decide to choose this profession?
   
5. 
   Who helped you to make your choice?
   
6. 
   Why have you chosen this profession?
   
7. 
   Do you like Physics? Why?
   
8. 
   What quality must a good specialist of your profession possess?
   
9. 
   What is Physics?
   

1. 
   What is Physics?
   
2. 
   Three states of matter
   
3. 
   What is Ion?
   
4. 
   What is Atom?
   

2. What is the diameter of an atom?

3. What do we know about the nucleus of an atom?

4. What is the charge of a proton?

5. What is the mass of a proton and a neutron?

6. What is the mass of an electron?

7. What do you know an isolated atom?

8. What are examples of three common states of matter?

9. What do ice, water and steam consist of?

10. When can heat be usually felt?

11. What is the radiation?

12. What is the speed of radiation?

13. By what means radiation detected?

14. In what way is a Crooke’s radiometer constructed?

15 Why are the faces of a Crooke’s radiometer blackened?

16. In what way do air molecules travel?

17. Why are the general properties of radiant heat rays and those of visible light the same?

18. What is the difference between heat waves and light waves?

19. What are heat waves sometimes called?

20. In what way had the electron been considered by the turn of the century?

21. How was the electron characterized?

22. When was it that atoms were beginning to fall apart?

23. What particle was considered the smallest particle of any element?

24.Why is it that electricity was to cause a revolution in science?

25. In what way can the question “what is matter” be answered?

26. What does the story of a shepherd from Crete say?

27. What did the shepherd find out about a lodestone?

28. When did people begin using a lodestone as a compass?

29. What does the picture of magnetized bodies show?

30. What does a compass consist of?

31. What did the old mariner’s compass look like?

32. What does a modern compass look like?

33. What has long been known concerning the human senses?

3 2. Why is it that

the human senses of touch, sight and hearing can­not be relied upon?

33. What methods

are called subjective?

34. What methods are called objective?

35. What methods were

used in the early history of science?

36. Why was the progress of science slow in the

early history?

37. What did the objective methods give to science?

38. What has the development of precision instruments led to?

39. What theories of electrification have been known historically?

40. What does the two-fluid theory say?

41. In what way are positive and negative fluids spread over the objects?

42.What does one-fluid theory say?

43. What is the difference between these two theories?

44.What terms did Franklin introduce?

45.What can we say that both of these theories are in part correct?

46. What is the basic principle of the modern theory?

47.What is the positive charge of the nucleus due to?

48.What can be said about protons?

49.What participles are known to be electrons?

50.What is affinity?

51.Under what conditions can a substance acquire a net negative charge?

52.What example of a substance having a strong affinity for electrons can be given?

The vocabulary for physicists