А. П. Голубев, Н. В. Балюк, И. Б. Смирнова

233 
6.
What kinds of programmes do you like watching? 
7.
Do you watch news regularly? 
8.
Why is it essential to watch news programmes? 
6.
 
Make up the outline of the text. 
7.
 
Retell the text using the outline. 
T e x t 2 
The United Nations Organization 
“
Membership in the United Nations is open to all 
peace-loving states which accept the obligations of 
the Charter and, in the judgment of the Organiza-
tion, are willing and able to carry out these obliga-
tions
.”
 
Article 4, Chapter 2, United Nations Charter 
The name “United Nations”, coined by United States President Franklin 
D. Roosevelt, was first used in the “Declaration by United Nations” of 1 
January 1942, during the Second World War, when representatives of 26 
nations pledged their Governments to continue fighting together against the 
Axis Powers. 
States first established international organizations to cooperate on 
specific matters. In 1899, the International Peace Conference was held in the 
Hague to elaborate instruments for settling crises peacefully, preventing wars 
and codifying rules of warfare. It adopted the Convention for the Pacific 
Settlement of International Disputes and established the Permanent Court of 
Arbitration, which began work in 1902. 
The forerunner of the United Nations was the League of Nations, an 
organization conceived in similar circumstances during the First World War, 
and established in 1919 under the Treaty of Versailles “to promote 
international cooperation and to achieve peace and security”. The League of 
Nations ceased its activities after failing to prevent the Second World War. 
In 1945, representatives of 50 countries met in San Francisco at the 
United Nations Conference on International Organization to the United 
Nations Charter. The United Nations was established on 24 October 1945 by 
51 countries committed to preserving peace through international 
cooperation and collective security. Today, nearly every nation in the world 
belongs to the UN: membership now totals 189 countries. 
All UN Member States are represented in the General Assembly — a 
kind of parliament of nations, which meets to consider the world’s most 
pressing problems. Each Member State has one vote. Decisions on 
“important matters”, such as international peace and security, ad

234 
mitting new members, the UN budget and the budget for peacekeeping, 
are decided by two-thirds majority. Other matters are decided by simple 
majority. In recent years, a special effort has been made to reach decisions 
through consensus, rather than by taking a formal vote. 
The Assembly holds its annual regular session from September to 
December. When necessary, it may resume its session, or hold a special or 
emergency session on subjects of particular concern. When the Assembly is 
not meeting, its six main committees, other subsidiary bodies and the UN 
Secretariat carry out its work. 

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