Б. О. Джолдошева из Института автоматики и информационных технологий нан кр, г. Бишкек; «Cинтез кибернетических автоматических систем с использованием эталонной модели»
NATIONAL PARK/OUTDOOR RECREATION/NATURE
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NATIONAL PARK/OUTDOOR RECREATION/NATURERESERVE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORKD. Yerimbekkyzy, Dr. Rafee Bin MajidUniversiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)According to Wirth (1990), there were two eras after World War II – extensive management era and intensive management era. The main expressiveness of the Extensive Management Era was on raising the supply of recreational opportunities. Most of the management programs in nature management programs were extensively developed: Resource management Site protection and maintenance Silvicultural treatment of overstory vegetation Integration with other resource management programs Recreation road construction and improvement Visitor management Informational services Concession services Expansion of interpretive programs Public safety One well-known strategy that has risen during Intensive Era is management by objectives (Steen, 1976). In such strategies, the recreation manager subjected to estimate baseline data and develop particular management objectives for each recently planned area. The dilemma often occurs is that the managers frequently couched their objectives in indistinct widespread terms and look for oversimplified models to attain the objectives, and measured their output by the numbers of visitors per days. New way of thinking, fresh mind and recreation-minded managers are needed, especially those with greater individual vitality to search for new approaches of old business assets. According to Jubenville (1993), the complexity of the managerial problems are affected by the range of social and political external influences. Therefore, a model helps to acquire a considerate of those complexities. A systematic model might not only bring benefits to the national park managers or recreation managers, it might cover the need for baseline information in fields where voids emptiness exists. Moreover, it might also recommend priorities for future research. In nature reserve, national park or recreation management, there are three main inputs work with – (1) the visitor, (2) the environmental settings and (3) the management organization. Visitors who visit national park usually have individual recreational interests and play their roles as customers of the system, which designed to provide recreational opportunities. Pleasing different recreational interests among individuals takes different recreational opportunities, and a national park might not provide all range of the recreational opportunities demanded by all visitors. Somehow, it seems that when there is a point where managing for everyone’s interest, might ended up by satisfying no one (Twight et al, 1993). The natural resources base is the other important aspect after visitors. It is where the activity takes place and as well as playing its protection roles for birds, wildlife and watershed protection. It is important to accomplish a level of understanding that it is necessary to provide an adequate physical environment. There are many misperceptions about what really are the environmental needs of various types of recreationists. Management, as the third input, is the component that protects the originality of the recreational occasion and the resource base. The existence of the management completes the entity of the recreational and reservation opportunities. The interrelationships of all three elements are as follows: The resource affects the visitor; The visitor affects the resource; The resource situation affects management programs; The management programs affect the resource situation; The visitor affects management programs The management programs affect the disposition of the visitor. Visitor management, resource management, and service management are subsystems, which formed the functions of the entire system. Existence and effectiveness of the three subsystems is compulsory, in order to generate higher reservation and recreational opportunities. Due to the various possible interactions among the programs in each subsystem, integrating all of those functions is not an easy task. Its diagram would form such a maze of lines that makes it difficult to trace any interrelationships. It must be realized, however, that there is interdependence within the system (Alden, 1973); as pictured in Figure 1. , a decision made in one program area can have a drastic effect on other programs. The manager must consider every ramification of a particular decision. An understanding of these interactions, it is possible to manipulate some programs, which produce desired outcomes in general. For instance, a plan to improve site conditions in a wilderness area where outfitters (a service management concern) have tended to camp near a lake, might cause a deterioration of the resource (resource management problem). Since there is no direct manipulations are allowed in the wilderness, possible way to conduct the manipulation might be by redistributing the use by voluntary cooperation or, by permission from the outfitter, limiting the use to let the site naturally recovers (Cordell, 1990). For instance, in a lake, a visitor (visitor management concern) who is a novice floater regarded floating only as a secondary activity. The visitor might enjoy the experience and did not perceive any problems such as making noises, but some safety problems might occur to an unskilled private floater who did not appreciate one’s limitations in craft manoeuvring. Public safety should not be a problem when most people go out on a commercial raft under the guidance of a skilled boatman. Therefore, every outfitter should have a persuasive way to provide a visitor-friendly education to avoid any unwanted event without reducing the enjoyment of the visitors. жүктеу/скачать 28,25 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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