4.2 Innovation. Innovation is particularly important for economies as they approach the frontiers of knowledge and the possibility of integrating and adapting exogenous technologies tends to disappear (Romer, 1990; Grossman and Helpman, 1991; and Aghion and Howitt, 1992).
Innovation scores misalignment arose from the inhomogeneity and heterogeneity of the following facts: insufficient investment in research and development, and also absence of high-quality scientific research institutions. Indeed, based on analysis of data of the Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 we obtain the following:
- mean is 3,369 score, and this corresponds the Italy (3,38) ranked 47th;
- mode is 2,95 score, and this corresponds Mauritius ranked 58th; Argentina ranked 85th; Trinidad and Tobago ranked 86th and Madagascar ranked 120th;
- maximum is 5,77 score, and this corresponds United States ranked 2nd;
- minimum is 2,97 score, and this corresponds Paraguay ranked 124th. Then interval is 3,63score, also note that United States (1st) – 5,77; Germany (7th) is 5,11; Kazakhstan (64th) – 3,15 and Turkey (69th) – 3,13 scores;
- skewness coefficient is 1,137, and this appropriate distribution of the innovation scores shift the mean significance to the right;
- kurtosis coefficient is -0,540, and this appropriate distribution relatively normal distribution is the horizontally direction.
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