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the technology to grow food; industrial/white biotechnology that uses fungi,
yeast, bacteria, and/or enzymes as ‘cell factories’
to make sustainable energy,
chemicals, and a lot of other everyday things. Although the application and
objectives of the three biotechnological areas are clearly differentiated, they
have the same scientific and technological basis.
The main biotechnological techniques can be summarized as: DNA/RNA
(genomics, gene probes, genetic engineering); proteins and other molecules
(synthesis engineering of proteins and peptides); cell and tissue culture and en-
gineering; processing biotechnological techniques (fermentation using biore-
actors, bioprocessing, biobleaching, biopulping, bioleaching, bioremediation,
biofiltration and phytoremediation); gene and RNA vectors (gene therapy);
bioinformatics (construction of databases of genomes,
modeling complex bio-
logical processes); nanobiotechnology (application of nano/microfabrication
to build devices for studying and diagnostics of biosystems).
Biotechnological techniques
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