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STRATEGIES FOR CROSS-CULTURAl COMMUNICATION

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STRATEGIES FOR CROSS-CULTURAl COMMUNICATION.

Munatayeva E.M.

Taraz State Pedagogical Institute, Taraz city.
What is cross-cultural communication?

Cross-cultural communication in its most basic form refers to an academic field of study and research. It seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures behave, communicate and perceive the world around them. The findings of such academic research are then applied to 'real life' situations such as how to create cultural synergy between people from different cultures within a business or how psychologists understand their patients.
The definition of cross-cultural communication must also include strands of the field that contribute to it such as anthropology, cultural studies, psychology and communication.
There are many researchers and academics of note within the cross-cultural field, who naturally all have different definitions of 'cross-cultural communication'. For example Karlfried Knapp defines it as "'Cross-cultural communication,' can...be defined as the interpersonal interaction between members of different groups, which differ from each other in respect of the knowledge shared by their members and in respect of their linguistic forms of symbolic behavior."
The theories developed by the researchers and academics can and have been applied to many fields such as business, management, marketing, advertising and website design. As business becomes more and more international, many companies need to know how best to structure their companies, manage staff and communicate with customers. Cross-cultural communication gives them an insight into the areas they need to address or understand. Cross-cultural communication theories are now also used within the education, health care and other public services due to growing multicultural populations.
There are different strategies for success abroad. Working across cultures requires a diverse skill set and a different approach from business in general. When bridging cultures both similar and foreign to your own, certain strategies are crucial to international business success. Here are ten strategies for interacting with people from different cultures considered by Kate Berardo, a Northwestern educated intercultural specialist who helps people from different cultures, backgrounds, and schools of thought understand each other and work effectively together.

Learn about the business beforehand. This general business strategy becomes increasingly important when dealing with businesses across cultures. Get on their website, check out their promotional material. Get a feel for the atmosphere, attitude, and angle that the business has. Many cultural factors are passed down from the societal level to businesses. However, each organization will have its own culture, personality, and way of doing things.

Observe. Because your mind is processing a lot of information in new environments, your observation skills when working across cultures may be flooded or unfocused. Keep your observation skills engaged and alert to elements that will help you do business. Notice how people act, dress, and treat each other. Especially if you come from a culture that emphasizes verbal communication, make a point of looking for messages that are conveyed without being said. Being able to read a situation will greatly improve your ability to have a successful meeting.

Ask questions. Many people don't want to reveal how little they know about other cultures, so they don't ask questions. Ultimately, they limit their ability to work in other cultures. Questions show you are interested in your colleague's culture. This interest and consideration helps build your relationship, which is especially important if your culture has a reputation for trying to culturally dominate others. Demonstrate that you are working to create synergy between your cultures with questions. In doing so, you create room for the mistakes you may make; people are more willing to look past cultural blunders if they know you are trying to learn about the culture you are working with.

Stay aware of yourself. Some people feel like they have somewhat of an out-of-body experience when in cross-cultural situations because they are focused on everything new outside of themselves. There can be so much going on around you that you forget to focus on yourself as well. Take advantage of down time (and make time for it) so you can get in touch with your body and feelings. Where is it coming from? This process can help you feel more grounded and secure in your experience abroad.

Allow for more time. Working across cultures takes more time. Communication may be slowed and logistics may be different. You may be working with a culture with a different concept of time altogether. Expect most things to take longer than they would when dealing with a business from your same culture or country. Also give yourself more time to process all the information before making decisions.

Look for individual differences. Overviews of cultures are meant to be guidelines only. Individuals may have values and behaviors that vary greatly from those of their native culture. Many people make the mistake of trying to fit people they are working with into cultural molds, when often they don't fit. People's values and behaviors are influenced in part by their culture, but also by their background, experiences, and personality. Be careful not to attribute too much of what you observe to a cultural difference.

Find the humor. Humor heals and helps you through difficult situations. Travel can be stressful, as can new environments and change in general. This stress can limit both your flexibility and your ability to handle cross-cultural situations. Combat stress with humor. Be able to step away (at least mentally) from situations and find the humor in them.

Learn to tolerate uncertainty. This is an essential skill, and one that can be extremely difficult for people from some cultures where directness and exactness are valued. There will be a great deal of unknowns when doing business across cultures. Definitive, concrete answers may not always be given, especially if you are working with a culture with a high tolerance for uncertainty. Focus on what you can determine and try to let go of minor details that are unclear. (Similarly, if you come from a culture that doesn't place a high value on exactness and are working with someone from a culture that does, try to provide clarification and details when possible.)

Go early. If your meeting is face-to-face and you'll be traveling abroad, go a few days before your scheduled meeting. Give yourself time to adjust; you will have to deal with physical adjustments (jet lag, different foods) as well as a number of cultural adjustments as well. These changes can be overwhelming and should be spread out to make them manageable. Give yourself time to adjust physically and then your mind will be better able to make cultural adjustments that are essential for success.

Build your intercultural skills. When working with people from different cultures, you need a solid understanding of the norms of that culture. You also need communication skills and business strategies that can be applied across cultures. The items listed above reflect some of the necessary skills for intercultural work in general. However, individuals need to further their intercultural competence based on their own situations and needs.

To determine what skills you need to develop, reflect on past intercultural experiences (for people with limited experience abroad, think of experiences working and interacting with people and groups different from you). When do you become uncomfortable, rigid, or shut down? What mistakes have you made in the past? Commit yourself to continually developing the skills that will help you in similar situations in the future.

View your experiences with different cultures as a trajectory, rather than a string of individual experiences. Link the different experiences you have and you can link the personal development and learning that comes with them.

We live in an increasingly complex world. One element of this complexity is the mixing of different cultures, languages and faiths. Within the business world intercultural communication is vital for success. Effective communication between colleagues from different cultural backgrounds ensures a team is working harmoniously.

Intercultural skills improve communication abilities, social benefits, job opportunities and job stability. Intercultural awareness is an enriching lifestyle and mindset, not an obligation or one-time training.

Job opportunities: being able to work and communicate with people from different backgrounds and cultures is essential in today's world and workplace. A global skill set ensures a bright future and an interesting and more enriching life path.

To work internationally today, an understanding of other cultures is essential. So is an ability to effectively communicate and work with people from these cultures. Without intercultural competence, the chances of landing and keeping a job internationally are slim to none.

Not to mention that we live in a constantly globalizing world and in a diverse country with a diverse population. Increasingly, these days, cultural competence is essential to work within the us. A decade ago, an understanding of computers was a highly marketable skill as business and computer technologies became highly interdependent. In the 2000s, it's not an understanding of computers (now commonplace), but an understanding of how to work with people from different backgrounds that is essential for most jobs today.

Job stability: you may still be able to land a job without demonstrating cultural competence for a small time in the future, but keeping it is another story. People who know about other cultures are more able and adept at working in today's world. People who know how to work across cultures can turn differences into opportunities and can find success in situations where others find only failure. They can communicate effectively, solve problems creatively, and keep an open mind when others shut down. This means a job well done.

Social benefits: intercultural aware people are interesting. They engage in compelling conversations in a wider variety of settings, take advantage of opportunities that others shy away from, and think with an adventurous and open mindset that enriches their lives and life experiences. They have interesting things to say and can express themselves well.

Ongoing rewards: Intercultural awareness is an enriching lifestyle and mindset, not an obligation or one-time training. It adds colors to your life, opens doors of opportunity, and leads to extensive, dynamic growth.

Cross cultural communication is also carried out by means of languages. Cross cultural communication is not the sole reserve of the business world. In fact, all of us in one form or another come across situations that require some kind of cross cultural communication and understanding.

One such situation is when communicating with foreigners. We all encounter people at work, on holiday or elsewhere who do not share the same language as us. Although we consider language the main means of communicating, language only represents 7% of what we communicate. There are many ways of overcoming the language barrier to allow for some cross cultural communication. Here are some simple tips to help you improve your cross cultural communication skills:

Slow Down: Even when English is the common language in a cross cultural situation, this does not mean you should speak at normal speed. Slow down, speak clearly and ensure your pronunciation is intelligible.

Separate Questions: try not to ask double questions such as, "Do you want to carry on or shall we stop here?" In a cross cultural situation only the first or second question may have been comprehended. Let your listener answer one question at a time.

Avoid Negative Questions: many cross cultural communication misunderstandings have been caused by the use of negative questions and answers. In English we answer 'yes' if the answer is affirmative and 'no' if it is negative. In other cultures a 'yes' or 'no' may only be indicating whether the questioner is right or wrong. For example, the response to "Are you not coming?" may be 'yes', meaning 'Yes, I am not coming.'

Take Turns: cross cultural communication is enhanced through taking turns to talk, making a point and then listening to the response.

Write it Down: if you are unsure whether something has been understood write it down and check. This can be useful when using large figures. For example, a billion in the USA is 1,000,000,000 while in the UK it is 1,000,000,000,000.

Be Supportive: effective cross cultural communication is in essence about being comfortable. Giving encouragement to those with weak English gives them confidence, support and a trust in you.

Check Meanings: when communicating across cultures never assume the other party has understood. Be an active listener. Summarize what has been said in order to verify it. This is a very effective way of ensuring accurate cross cultural communication has taken place.

Avoid Slang: Even the most well educated foreigner will not have a complete knowledge of slang, idioms and sayings. The danger is that the words will be understood but the meaning missed.

Watch the humor: In many cultures business is taken very seriously. Professionalism and protocol are constantly observed. Many cultures will not appreciate the use of humor and jokes in the business context. When using humor think whether it will be understood in the other culture. For example, British sarcasm usually has a negative effect abroad. Maintain Etiquette.

Many cultures have certain etiquette when communicating. It is always a good idea to undertake some cross cultural awareness training or at least do some research on the target culture. Cross cultural communication is about dealing with people from other cultures in a way that minimizes misunderstandings and maximizes your potential to create strong cross cultural relationships. The above tips should be seen as a starting point to greater cross cultural awareness.

Thus, the theories of cross-cultural communication developed by the researchers have been applied to many fields. In this study certain strategies for interacting with people from different cultures have been investigated. Within the business world intercultural communication is vital for success that’s why some important skills improving communication abilities, social benefits, job opportunities and job stability were defined. Cross cultural communication is also carried out by means of languages. Some elementary tips to improve cross cultural communication skills have been characterized.
Literature:

The Human-Computer Interaction Handbook: Fundamentals, Evolving Technologies ...Andrew Sears,Julie A. Jacko. 2007
Cross-Cultural Communication: Perspectives in Theory and Practice Thomas L. Warren. 2006
Cross-Cultural and Intercultural Communication. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 191-208. INDEX TERMS. Primary Classification: ...
An Introductory Guide to Intercultural Books Cross-Cultural and Intercultural Communication. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2003. Gudykunst, ed. Theorizing About Intercultural Communication. ...

Аннотация. В данной статье были охарактеризованы некоторые элементарные советы для улучшения перекрестых навыков культурного общения.

Аннотация. Берілген мақалада мәдени қарым-қатынастың жақсартылуы үшін элементарлық ақыл-кеңестер жайлы мінезделген
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EFFECTIVE USE OF DIALOGUES AT THE ENGLISH LESSON.
Shukanova N.A.

Taraz state pedagogical institute, Taraz city.
Language came into life as a mean of communication. It exists and is alive only through speech. When we teach a foreign language, we first of all have in mind teaching it as a mean of communication. In teaching speech the teacher has to cope with two tasks. They are: to teach his students to understand the foreign language and to teach them to speak the language.

It is known that oral, verbal communication may have a monologue and dialogue form. There are two types of speech: dialogic and monologue. One of the main forms of speech communication is dialogic speech.

Dialogues are generally short exchanges and are therefore ideal to analyze for pronunciation. They should contain enough for teachers and students to look at phonemic and word level pronunciation as well as features of discourse intonation.

Dialogue (sometimes spelled dialog in American English) is a literary and theatrical form consisting of a written or spoken conversational exchange between two or more people.

Dialogues are intended to be a representative of actual speech encounters in the real world. Ideally they are effective means of practicing different things, such as direct speech, intonation, audio skills, listening comprehension, oral communication, grammar and everyday phrases.

The development of dialogic speech in studied foreign language is one of the most pressing problems of modern pedagogy. A number of researches, articles and tutorials have appeared lately.

And nevertheless, this problem requires further methodological resolution because modern requirements for dialogic speech to teach students to carry on a conversation in studied foreign language and not always fully implemented.

This situation requires a more rational search for new methods of teaching dialogic speech, in which the desired practical results achieved would be the shortest way, with a minimum expenditure of time and effort, and the learning process would be feasible, interesting and fun for students.
Dialogue plays an important and decisive role in the English class. Speaking is one of the most important language skills. It teaches students:

to put questions of different types;
to answer questions logically consistent;
to use a variety of replicas to respond in learning communication;
to use different introductory structure and clichéd expression;
to learn to interact with the students.

Dialogue helps at the English lessons:

the development of speech and thinking;
the disclosure of intellectual abilities;
the absorption of a large number of ideas and ways of solving problems;
gives the opportunity for self-actualization.

A wide use of extra linguistic means of expression (gestures, facial expressions, instructions on the surrounding objects) is characterized for dialogue. Relatedness in the speech of linguistic and nonlinguistic signs is defined as situational.

Situation is the totality of the circumstances, conditions creating those or other relationship, situation or position facilitates communication, promotes economy of language means.

By teaching students of dialogic speech are solved the following main tasks:

Firstly, give the notion of dialogue in all its diversity, in its natural form, so that the children made sure that question-answer form is the only private, although the most common case of dialogic communication.

Secondly, teach children the necessary replicas, to train them to the level of automaticity in the use of a particular situation.

Thirdly, teach students to share these replicas in appropriate situations, i.e., to teach them to conduct proper dialogue.

English dialogues can be used in a wide variety of situations for learners. Use the dialogues provided as a role plays to introduce new tenses, structures and language functions. Once students become familiar with a form through the use of a dialogue, they can use this as a model to practice, write and expand on their own.

Using dialogues to help students develop their conversation skills is common practice in most English classes.

Dialogues can be used in many ways in a classroom. Here are a few suggestions for using dialogues in the classroom:

To introduce new vocabulary and help students become familiar with standard formulas used when discussing various topics;
As gap fill exercises for students as a listening exercise;
Use dialogues for role-plays;
Have students write dialogues to test key vocabulary and language formulas;
Have students memorize simple dialogues as a way of helping them improve their vocabulary skills;
Ask students to finish a dialogue;
Introduce dialogues as gap fill dictation exercises.

As shown by experience, one of the most effective means of creating a motive for foreign language communication students are non-traditional teaching methods. They include role plays and dramatizations reception.

Role-playing game is a kind of training technique in which the student must speak freely within the given circumstances, acting as one of participants in foreign language communication.

Compulsory element of games is the resolution of the problem situation.

Role-playing game, based on the solution of a problem, provides maximum activization of communicative activities of students.

Each student is a unique creature, a person who obtains different set of talents, intelligences, and way of learning. It’s possible to find out seven intelligences. They are:

Verbal/linguistic.

Thinks and learns through written and spoken words; has the ability to memorize facts, fill in workbooks, take written tests, and enjoy reading.

Musical/ rhythmic.

Recognizes tonal patterns and environmental sounds; learns through rhyme, rhythm, and repetition.

Logical/Mathematical.

Thinks deductively; deals with numbers and recognizes abstract patterns.

Interpersonal.

Learns and operates one-to-one, through group relationships, and communication; also depends on all the other intelligences.

Visual/Spatial.

Thinks in and visualizes images and pictures; has the ability to create graphic designs and communicate with diagrams and graphics.

Intrapersonal.

Enjoys and learns through self-reflection, metacognition, working alone; has an awareness of inner spiritual realities.

Body/Kinesthetic.

Learns through physical movement and body wisdom; has a sense of knowing through body memory.

Here are some examples of creative activities for elementary level students:

For Logical Intelligences there is the following type of work as Composition from Key Words.

Construct an acceptable dialogue from the key words provided below working from sentence to sentence.
Supply any and all forms necessary to make the sentences grammatically and meaningfully correct.
You may include other key words as you proceed.
Practice and work it out.

Nick: ice-cream parlor / looking / excuse me

Man: three blocs / small / here / ice-cream parlor / here

Nick: how / here / there /get /1

Man: then / one block / two blocks / go / tum / straight ahead / left / go / for / further

Nick: open / you / still / it / know

Man: 10 o'clock / close / doesn't / before

Possible exercise for Verbal/Linguistic students is Selection of Alternatives.

There are 2 dialogues concealed in the sentences below. Each of the conversation patterns has 2 possible utterances of each step in the conversation. Construct two acceptable dialogues from this material by choosing the correct alternative of each step.

1. Fred: that was a terrible fire, wasn't it? 2. Alice, did you see Bob at the party yesterday?	OR 9. Alice: No. Why? 10. Yes, I heard the sirens on my way home from school.
3. Fred: Were many people hurt? 4. I didn't either. I was wondering if he came.	OR 11. There were so many people there; it's not surprising that we missed him. 12. A policeman told me that three people were injured, but not seriously
5. Fred: Oh, I'm glad. It could have been much worse. 6. I know. I didn't recognize half of the guests. But I had a good time.	OR 13. Alice: I Know, the firemen worked very hard and the ambulance came very quickly. 14. I did too. I really enjoyed the music.
7. Fred: Was it an accident? 8. Well, I hope they have another one soon	OR 15. Alice: I think they will. We all need to relax from time to time. 16.1 think so. The police said they didn't see anything suspicious.

Thus, using suitable ways of teaching you’re able to achieve greater results.

Work of the teacher is always a very difficult process. And presently, when prestige of a trade falls everything complicates greatly. In the sphere of art the circle of the problems facing the teacher, is especially wide, from here there is special complexity of our trade. All our activity assumes the creative approach to work. Maybe, it is the basic of difficulty. You cannot learn to be a creative person, but it is possible to learn, to work creatively.

I think that spent effort and time will lead to the desired result.

Literature:

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