Грамматика английского языка

24 
 
◄► The Functions of Participle I in the Sentence 
 
1. Participle I Indefinite Active can be used as an attribute.
 
It is rendered in Russian by a clause or действительное причастие. A single parti-
ciple in attributive position usually precedes the noun it modifies but a participial 
phrase follows the noun it modifies. 
 
• 
I looked at the smiling  child. 
(The child is smiling; I looked at the child who was 
smiling.) 
• 
The girl standing at the window is my sister. 
(The girl who was  standing at the 
window is my sister.) 
• 
Let sleeping dogs lie. 
(
proverb: ‘Не буди лиха, пока лихо спит’.)
 
(‘sleeping’ is a single parti-
ciple in the function of an attribute. It precedes the noun it modifies, i.e. it is used in pre-
position.) 
• 
There are some other people waiting for you. 
(‘waiting for you’ is a participial phrase 
in the function of an attribute. It follows the noun it modifies, i.e. it is used in post-position.) 
• 
Do you know the woman talking to Tom? 
(The woman is talking to Tom.)
 
• 
The large building being built in our street is a new school. 
(The large building is 
being built in our street) 
• 
I found myself in an embarrassing situation last night. 
Я оказался в затруднительном по-
ложении вчера вечером.
 
• 
The man is very noisy. The man lives upstairs. → The man who lives upstairs is 
very noisy. → The man living upstairs is very noisy. 
 
•  Note 1. Participle I Perfect Active and Passive is not used as an attribute be-
cause it cannot express priority.  In this case an attributive clause should be 
used. In Russian we have perfective participle active 
(действительное причастие про-
шедшего времени, с суффиксом -вш), e.g. спросивший, переводивший, уехавший, 
вернувшийся. 
 
• 
The children who had been playing in the garden went home
. Дети, 
игравшие (кото-
рые играли) в саду, ушли домой.  
• 
I’ve just talked to the students who came back from their school practice last 
week.
 Я только что разговаривал со студентами, 
вернувшимися с практики на прошлой неделе. 
• 
The man who came yesterday is my friend. 
Человек, 
приходивший вчера, мой друг. 
• 
The people who were present at the meeting approved of the proposal. 
 
Cf. 
•
 I addressed the woman standing on the porch. 
Я обратился к женщине, 
стоявшей на 
крыльце, (
simultaneous actions
)
 = I addressed the woman who was standing on the porch. 
• 
The woman who had been standing on the porch went into the house. 
Женщина,   
стоявшая на крыльце, вошла в дом. (‘
who had been standing’ → a prior action
) 
 
o  However, in rendering the Russian 
действительное причастие прошедшего времени
, 
when it refers to no particular time, a participle is usually used in English. 
 

25 
 
• 
The road joining the two villages was very narrow. 
Дорога, 
соединявшая две деревни, 
была очень узкая. 
• 
I couldn’t think of the name of a flower beginning with ‘T’? 
Я не мог придумать назва-
ние цветка, 
начинавшегося с ‘T’. 
• 
I lived in a pleasant room overlooking the garden. 
• 
We stopped at the turning of the road leading to the nearest village. 
 
•  Note 2. We can’t use -ing: when we talk about a single completed action in the 
defining relative clause, rather than a continuous action. 
 
Cf. • The girl who fell over on the ice broke her arm. 
Девочка, упа
вшая на льду, сломала руку. 
 
• I pulled off the sheets which covered the furniture. Or: I pulled off the sheets 
covering the furniture. 
Я убрала простыни, 
покрывавшие мебель. 
 
• 
They stumbled on the snow turning to icy water. 
Они спотыкались в снегу, который пре-
вращался в ледяную воду. 
• 
He came up to the kids waiting for the school bell to ring. 
Он подошел к детям, 
ожидав-
шим, когда прозвенит школьный звонок. 
• 
The thief who took her bag has been arrested. 
(single completed action; we can’t use 
here: 
The thief taking her bag has been arrested. 
or
 The thief having taken her 
bag has been arrested.
)
 
 
•  Note 3. In formal English, that and those can be used before a participle adjec-
tive: 
 
• 
Here is some advice for those 
(those = people)
 preparing to go on holiday. 
• 
We were able to speak to all students except those working in the laboratory. 
Мы 
имели возможность поговорить со всеми студентами, за исключением тех, которые работали в лаборато-
рии (
или: за исключением студентов, работавших в лаборатории).
 
 
II. Participle I can be used as an adverbial modifier: 
 
a) of time
. 
In Russian it is rendered by a clause or 
деепричастие
. 
 
• 
Opening his eyes, the baby began to cry. 
(= When the baby opened his eyes, he began 
to cry.) 
• 
Turning slowly, she went to her room. 
Медленно повернувшись, она пошла в комнату. 
• 
Seizing ink and writing paper, she began to write. 
Схватив чернила и бумагу, она начала 
писать. 
 
• 
Leaving the motorway, we noticed an overturned truck on the verge
 
(обочина)
. 
(= 
As/When we were leaving the motorway, we noticed an overturned truck on the verge.)
 
• 
Having thrown the letter into the fire, he left the room. 
(= After he had thrown the 
letter into the fire, he left the room.)
 
Бросив письмо в огонь, он вышел из комнаты.
 
• 
Having returned from a business trip, he suggested new methods of work. 
• 
Returning to London, he threw himself into the work. 

26 
 
• 
Having finished her work, she went home. 
• 
Having taken off his shoes, John walked into the house.
 
Сняв туфли, Джон зашел в дом.
 
• 
Having passed my driving test, I was able to buy my first car. 
(= After I had 
passed my driving test, I was able to buy my first car.) 
• 
Having been warned that bad weather lay ahead, the captain changed the course.
 
 
o  We use Participle I Indefinite to talk about something that takes place at the same 
time or very close in time to the action expressed by the predicate. 
 
• 
Waving their scarves and shouting, the fans ran into the pitch. 
центральная часть по-
ля (крикет)
 
• 
Opening a letter, she found that it contained a cheque for ₤1000. 
• 
Putting on a serious face, she began to tell the story. 
 
o  Sometimes we can use either Participle I Indefinite or Participle I Perfect with 
similar meanings, although using Participle I Perfect emphasizes that something 
is completed before the action expressed by the predicate begins. Compare: 
 
• 
Taking off his shoes, Ray walked into the house. 
• 
Having taken off his shoes, Ray walked into the house. 
 
o  If the action described is relatively long compared with the one described by the 
finite form of the verb, we use a Participial phrase with Participle I Perfect: 
 
• 
Having driven five hours to the meeting, Don learnt that it had been post-
poned. 
 
o  If the action expressed by Participle I Indefinite Active is simultaneous with the 
action expressed by the finite verb, the conjunction when or while is often used. 
 
• 
When going home, I met my friend. 
(=When I was going home, I met my friend.) 
• 
Often, when boasting of his deceits 
(обман)
, he sounded childish and innocent. 
• 
John hurt his hand while playing tennis. 
• 
While (when) waiting for his friend, he walked up and down the corridor. 
Ожидая 
своего друга, он ходил взад и вперед по коридору. 
• 
He felt horrible while saying this. 
 
o  Participle I Indefinite of the verb ‘to be’ is not used as an adverbial modifier of 
time. Clauses of the type ‘Когда он был ребенком, ...’ may be translated ‘When a 
boy ...’, ‘When he was a boy…’. 
 
• 
When a boy, he liked to play tennis
. 
(= When he was a boy, he liked to play tennis.)
 
Когда он был мальчиком, он любил играть в теннис.
 
• 
When hot, the body emits infra-red radiation. 
(= When the body is hot, it emits in-
fra-red radiation.)
 Когда тело раскалено, оно испускает инфракрасные лучи.
 

27 
 
• 
When young, he took great interest in chemistry
. 
(= When he was young, he took 
great interest in chemistry.)
 
Когда он был молодым (будучи молодым), он проявлял большой инте-
рес к химии. 
• 
While in Moscow last summer, they often went to the theatre. 
(=While they were 
in Moscow last summer, they often went to the theatre.) 
В то время как они находились в Мо-
скве прошлым летом, они часто ходили в театр.  
 
b) of cause. 
 
• 
Not knowing where to go, I turned back. 
(=As I didn’t know where to go, I turned 
back.) 
• 
Hoping to catch the train, we took a taxi. 
(= Because we hoped to catch the train, we 
took a taxi.) 
• 
Being late for the lesson, he had to wait for the bell to ring. 
(=As he was late for the 
lesson, he had to wait for the bell to ring.) 
• 
Being ill, he can’t go out yet.
 
Так как он болен, он пока не может выходить (будучи больным, он 
пока не может выходить). 
• 
Being happy with my results, I decided to go out and celebrate. 
(=As I was happy 
with my results, I decided to go out and celebrate.) 
• 
Being left alone, we kept silent for some time. 
• 
Having plenty of time, we did not hurry. 
Так как у нас было много времени, мы не спешили. 
• 
Not having been asked, I didn’t really want to interfere. 
Так как меня не спрашивали, я, 
по правде говоря, не хотел вмешиваться. 
• 
Having lost his address, I couldn’t write to him. 
Так как я потерял его адрес, я не мог ему 
написать./Потеряв его адрес, я не мог ему написать. 
• 
Having been sent to the wrong address, the letter didn’t reach him. 
Так как письмо 
было отпралено по неверному адресу, оно не дошло до него. 
• 
Having been weakened by storms, the bridge was no longer safe. 
Расшатанный бу-
рями, мост стал ненадежен. 
 
o  In negative forms of sentences, not usually comes before the -ing form or past 

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