part of a compound verbal predicate’.
▪ The Subjective Participial Construction is found:
smb
smth
is
was
can be
will be
1) after the
verbs of
sense per-
ception:
seen
heard
noticed
watched
observed
doing smth
done
(Participle I
or
Participle II)
o
He was seen turning round the corner.
Видели, как
он повернул за угол.
o
She was heard singing.
Было слышно, как она поет.
o
Her name was heard mentioned.
Было слышно,
как упомянули её имя.
smb
smth
is
was
can be
will be
2)
found
left
kept
caught
reported
shown
doing smth
done
(Participle I
or
Participle II)
o
The children were found sleeping on the floor.
Детей нашли спящими на полу.
o
I was kept waiting two hours.
Меня заставили ждать
два часа./Меня держали в ожидании два часа.
o
The dress was found torn.
Платье нашли порван-
ным.
smb
smth
is
was
can be
will be
3)
considered
believed
thought
done
(Participle II)
o
The boat was considered lost.
Считалось, что лодка
потерялась.
o
She is considered cured.
90
◄ Exercises ►
The Subjective Participial Construction
(with Participle I and Participle II)
Exercise 89. Point out the Component Parts of the
Subjective Participial Construc-
tion. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. He was heard saying this before.
Слышали, как он говорил об этом прежде.
(‘He … saying’
is the Subjective Participial Construction in the function of a Complex Subject
or
according to another point of view
– the nominal component ‘He’ is the subject; the ver-
bal component ‘saying’ is part of a compound verbal predicate.)
2. Smoke could be seen rising from the village. 3. Through the window Florence was
seen packing a suitcase. 4. The taxi could be seen waiting outside. 5. The children
were seen running to the water. 6. He was seen following her with his eyes. 7. My
elder sister was seen laying the table. 8. A man could be seen going from the outskirts
towards them. 9. The ship was seen approaching the coast. 10. They were seen leaving
the room. 11. The flight attendant was heard explaining the conditions of our flight.
12. “Go home, Joan,” people could be heard saying in one house or another. 13. It was
some ten minutes later that a voice was heard calling his name. 14. Jane was heard
playing the piano. 15. At that moment footsteps were heard coming across the hall. 16.
The students were heard discussing a new film. 17. The old man was heard talking to
himself. 18. This night my aunts could be observed running back and forth in the hall.
19. The baby was found sitting on the floor. 20. The man was found grovelling on the
floor.
(
to grovel-
лежать ниц, ползать; пресмыкаться, унижаться)
21. In the evening Gertrude was
found sitting on the porch
(крыльцо)
of the neighbouring house. 22. Peter was found
working in the garden. 23. When the door closed, Monteith and I were left looking at
each other. 24. They were caught stealing peaches.
Их поймали крадущими персики./Они были
пойманы за кражей персиков.
25. These very important details were found missing from a
later description of the manuscripts. 26. His name was often heard mentioned.
Exercise 90. Re-word the following sentences into sentences with the Subjective Par-
ticipial Constructions.
1. I could see the visitor walking restlessly backwards and forwards. →► The visi-
tor could be seen walking restlessly backwards and forwards.
2. We have often heard his name mentioned. →► His name was often heard men-
tioned.
3. I’ve often heard his sister singing some popular tune.
4. We observed them walking down the street.
5. One summer morning they found him painting the door of his house green.
6. I hope she hasn’t noticed me leaving the house so late.
7. The girl watched him going slowly and cautiously up the stairs.
8. The rescue helicopters found the ship drifting in the North Sea.
9. They considered the picture stolen.
91
10. They consider her cured.
11. They found her dressed for the party.
12. We have often seen dogs killed on the road.
13. They found the door locked.
Exercise 91.
Translate the following sentences from Russian into English.
(A) The Subjective Participial Construction. (with Participle I)
1. Видели, как он шел по Красной площади. 2. Видели, что машина ожидала ко-
го-то у входа. 3. Видели, как она поднимались по лестнице. 4. Эти пожилые лю-
ди живут внизу, и иногда слышно, как они о чем-то разговаривают. 5. Слышали,
как Джейн открывает дверь. 6. Слышали, как она пела в соседней комнате. 7.
Меня заставили ждать.
(
to keep
)
8. В последний раз его видели, когда он читал
книгу в читальном зале. 9.Через окно можно было видеть, что водитель ждет у
машины.
(
through the window
)
10. Они остались разговаривать в гостиной
(
to leave)
11.
Фокса нашли ожидающим нас на террасе.
(
Fox; terrace
)
12. Видели, как
люди то-
ропились к поездам. 13 Можно было слышать, как течет вода
(r
u
n)
14. Видели,
как Джон наливал себе кофе.
( to pour himself; a cup of coffee)
(B) The Subjective Participial Construction (with Participle II)
1. Вазу нашли разбитой. 2. Сейф нашли закрытым.
(
safe
)
3. Все документы были
найдены изорванными в клочья.
(
to tear to scraps
)
4. Чемодан считали украденным.
5.
Собаку нашли привязанной к дереву
(
to tie to a tree
).
6. Считали, что книга распро-
дана.
(
to sell out
)
7. Нашли, что он сильно изменился.
8. Дверь нашли закрытой
(
to
lock
)
9. Дом нашли покинутым.
(
to desert
)
10. Считалось, что проблема решена
(
to
solve the problem
)
11. Чай остался нетронутым.
(
to leave; untouched
)
12. Его никогда еще
не видели таким возбужденным.
(
excited
)
13. Теперь можно считать наше иссле-
дование завершенным.
(
research; to complete
)
◄ Exercises ►
The Objective Participial Construction
The Subjective Participial Construction
(with Participle I and Participle II)
Exercise 92. Point out the Component Parts of the
Objective Participial Construction
and the Subjective Participial Construction. State the function. Translate the sen-
tences into Russian.
1. She had her kitchen painted light green.2. His face clouded when he heard his
name spoken. 3. All the while she felt her heart beating with a vague fear. 4. The
darkness found him occupied with these thoughts. 5. The darkness found Mr.
and Mrs. Plornish knocking at his door. 6. Somewhere a long way off a tele-
phone bell rang and a voice could be heard speaking. 7. For their New Year’s
Eve party she had all the furniture moved out of the parlour.
(гостиная)
8. Get
92
your things packed. 9. The two men were heard descending. 10. Two days later
she heard sleigh bells coming up the drive. 11. They wanted the Committee con-
vened at the weekend. 12. She had her bed moved to the corner of the porch.
(веранда)
13. Mary could feel Elizabeth reviewing their hopes and dreams, their
relationship as sisters. 14. She averted her eyes each time she found herself being
stared at. 15. The din
(шум)
in the entrance hall continued, and more vehicles
could be heard arriving at the door. 16. They were seen dancing in the street.
17. She heard the musicians tuning up in the back parlour. 18. She went down-
stairs and he was left feeling a little uneasy, even guilty.
Exercise 93.
Translate the sentences into English using the Complex Object or
Complex Subject with Participle I.
1. Она слышала, как ее отец ходит взад и вперед по террасе. 2. Том увидел, что
в воде что-то быстро движется. 3. Было слышно, как где-то вдалеке играла му-
зыка. 4. Видя, что собираются тучи, мы решили отложить прогулку. 5. Дойдя до
середины, я почувствовала, что мост дрожит. 6. Было слышно, как больной сто-
нет от боли. 7. Войдя в сад, я увидела, что дети мирно играют, как будто ничего не
случилось. 8. Я наблюдала за тем, как внимательно он читал письмо.
93
The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
(Самостоятельный’ причастный оборот// ‘независимый’//
‘абсолютный’ причастный оборот)
Function: Adverbial modifier.
The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction is a construction in which
the participle is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in
the nominative case; the noun or pronoun is not the subject of the sentence; in the
sentence this construction has the function of an adverbial modifier. In Russian it
usually corresponds to an adverbial clause. In the Nominative Absolute Participial
Construction Participle I (in all its forms) or Participle II is used.
(Причастный оборот может иметь собственное подлежащее, не совпадающее с подлежащим
главного предложения. В этом случае причастный оборот называется абсолютивным при-
частным оборотом и выполняет функцию сложного обстоятельства.)
► The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction can be
an adverbial modifier:
a) of time
•
The sun having risen, they continued their way. (=After the sun had risen, they
continued their way.)
После того как взошло солнце, они продолжили свой путь.
•
The work being finished, the two girls brushed the shreds
(лоскуток ткани)
and threads
from their dresses and went into the shop. (=When the work was finished, the
two girls brushed …)
Когда работа была закончена, девушки отряхнули платья и вошли в мас-
терскую.
•
The engineer testing the motor, the committee came to see the work of the mo-
tor.
Когда инженер испытывал мотор, комиссия приехала посмотреть работу этого двигателя.
•
The goods having been unloaded, the workers left the port.
После того как товары
были разгружены, рабочие ушли из порта.
•
The experiment carried out, we decided to have a rest.
Когда опыт был проведен, мы
решили отдохнуть.
•
The work finished, they went home.
Когда работа была закончена, они пошли домой.
•
The signal given, the train started.
После того как сигнал был дан, поезд тронулся.
•
Friendship restored, we walked along together.
•
The choice made, she ran up to him.
b) of cause
•
The professor being ill, the lecture was put off
. (= Because the professor was ill,
the lecture was put off.)
Так как профессор был болен, лекция была отложена.
•
A dark cloud having appeared in the sky, we decided to stay at home.
•
I was a little on edge, there being something to report.
Я нервничал, так как было что
сообщить.
94
•
There being no vacant seats, I had to stand.
(= As there were no vacant seats, I had
to stand.)
Так как не было свободных мест, мне пришлось стоять.
•
It being late
(= As it was late),
we made up our minds to finish testing the new mo-
tor.
Так как было поздно, мы решили закончить испытания нового двигателя.
•
There being a severe storm at sea
(=As there was a severe storm at sea),
the stea-
mer couldn’t leave the port.
Так как на море был сильный шторм, пароход не мог выйти из
порта.
•
The weather being fine, they went for a walk.
Так как погода была хорошая, они пошли
погулять.
o
Cf. Knowing English well, my brother was able to translate the article without
any difficulty.
(‘knowing’ выражает действие, относящееся к подлежащему ‘my
brother’)
Зная хорошо английский язык, мой брат смог перевести статью без всякого затрудне-
ния./ = Так как мой брат знал хорошо английский язык, он смог перевести статью без всякого
затруднения.
o
The student knowing English well, the examination did not last long
. (‘knowing’
имеет свое подлежащее ‘the student’)
Так как студент хорошо знал английский язык, экза-
мен продолжался недолго.
o
Cf. Having lost the key, he couldn’t enter the house.
(‘having lost’ выражает дей-
ствие, относящееся к подлежащему ‘he’)
Потеряв ключ, он не смог войти в дом./ Так как
он потеряла ключ, он не смог войти в дом.
o
My sister having lost the key, we couldn’t enter the house.
(‘having lost’ имеет
свое подлежащее ‘my sister’)
Так как моя сестра потеряла ключ, мы не могли войти в дом.
c) of attendant circumstances
The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction in this function usually stands
in postposition and is widely used in literature. It is translated into Russian by a com-
pound sentence with the conjunctions:
а, и, причем, но.
•
He turned and went out, we following him.
Он повернулся и вышел, а мы последовали за
ним.
•
We were both standing leaning against the mantelpiece, she admiring her fan of
blotting paper, I staring at her.
Мы оба стояли у камина; она любовалась веером из про-
мокательной бумаги, а я глядел на неё.
•
The plant produces large quantities of pig-iron, most of the pig-iron being turned
into steel.
Завод производит большое количество чугуна, причем большая часть чугуна перера-
батывается в сталь.
•
We spent the summer in their cottage, they occupying the front room and we
having the verandah at our disposal.
Мы провели лето на даче, причем они занимали
комнату, а мы имели в нашем распоряжении веранду.
•
On the average some 30 per cent of solar energy reaches the land surface each
year, the share being somewhat bigger in southern latitudes and slightly less in
northern latitudes.
В среднем ежегодно около 30 процентов солнечной энергии достигает по-
верхности земли, причем количество солнечной энергии бывает несколько больше в южных ши-
ротах и несколько меньше в северных широтах.
•
He sat on the sofa, his eyes closed, his legs crossed.
•
Jimmy fell forward on to the bed, his face buried in the covers.
95
•
Lord Easterfield sat down, wiping his forehead and smiling
complacently
(самодовольно)
, his good humour quite restored.
•
She rose from the bed and stood motionless, her head bent, her hands clasped.
•
They set off, George swinging along with downcast eyes, his hands thrust deep
in his pockets.
(downcast - потупленный (о взоре)
•
The two guards listened, their faces turned to the rifle
(винтовка)
.
d) of condition
(this use is rare, exclusively with the participles: permitting, failing.)
•
Weather (time, circumstances) permitting, we shall start tomorrow.
Если погода
(время, обстоятельства) позволит, мы поедем завтра.
•
The experiment failing, we will have to make it once again.
Если эксперимент не удаст-
ся, то нам придется повторить его еще раз.
(The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
very often occurs in fiction and scien-
tific language; the use of this construction in colloquial English is rare. В английском языке
есть причастный оборот, не имеющий полной аналогии в русском языке. Он называется:
‘самостоятельным’ причастным оборотом, а также ’независимым’ или ’абсолют-
ным’ причастным оборотом. Эти обороты надо переводить придаточными предложе-
ниями, а иногда и самостоятельными предложениями. Чтобы узнать ‘самостоятельный’
причастный оборот в тексте, надо обратить внимание на его
формальные признаки: 1)
перед причастием стоит существительное без предлога или местоимение в именительном
падеже; 2) ‘самостоятельный’ причастный оборот всегда отделен запятой.)
Summary
◄► The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction ◄►
Function: Adverbial modifier of:
a) time
•
The signal given, the train started.
•
The lamp having been lit, he opened his book.
b) cause
•
The room being dark, I could not at first see where the speaker was.
•
The key having been lost, they couldn’t enter the cottage.
c) attendant
circumstances
•
He turned and went, we following him.
•
He sat on the sofa, his eyes closed, his legs crossed.
d) condition
•
Circumstances permitting, we’ll start tomorrow.
•
Negotiations failing, we will have to change our proposals.
Если переговоры не
будут иметь успеха, нам придется изменять наши предложения.
96
◄ Exercises ►
The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
Exercise 94. The Functions of The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction in
the Sentence. Read and translate the following sentences from English into Russian.
The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction:
(A) as an adverbial modifier of time
1.
The door being opened, and Bunter having produced an electric torch
,
the par-
ty stepped into a wide stone passage.
2.
The lamp having been lit, Mrs. White took her son’s letter.
(=When the lamp had
been lit, Mrs. White took her son’s letter.)
Когда зажгли лампу, миссис Уайт взяла письмо от
сына.
3.
The patient’s leg having been amputated, there was no doubt of his recovering
soon.
(= When the patient’s leg had been amputated, there was no doubt of his reco-
vering soon.)
4.
Ice having been broken, the two former rivals grew still more affectionate.
5.
Independence having been achieved, attention could be given to the foundation
of a national culture.
6.
The table cleared, we sat at it again.
(=When the table was cleared, we sat at it
again.)
7.
This question settled, the reunion was on again.
8.
Then, arrangements made, the apologies and thanks started over again.
9.
All questions answered, they went home.
10.
The drinks ordered and the men settled on the verandah of the clubhouse,
Haydock repeated his question.
11.
This done, Margot travelled back to fetch the boy.
(B) as an adverbial modifier of cause
1.
Each of them being my friend, the news that they were engaged had interested
me very much.
(=Because each of them was my friend, the news that they were en-
gaged had interested me very much.)
2.
The door and window of the vacant room being open, we looked in.
Так как дверь
и окно пустой комнаты были открыты, мы заглянули в нее.
3.
The room being dark, I could not at first see where the speaker was.
4.
The score being level after 90 minutes, a replay will take place.
5.
Thomas being away, John had to do his work.
6.
The season being over, there were few people on the beach.
7.
It being now pretty late, we took our candles and went upstairs.
Так как было до-
вольно поздно, мы взяли свечи, и пошли наверх.
8.
It being very cold, they made a fire.
9.
The ship’s band did not play in the morning, it being Sunday.
10.
There being a strong wind that day, it was dangerous to go boating.
97
11.
The last train having gone, we had to walk home.
(=Because the last train had
gone, we had to walk home.)
Так как последний поезд ушел, нам пришлось идти домой пеш-
ком.
12.
The key having been lost, they couldn’t enter the cottage.
13.
The window having been closed, there was little air in the room.
(C) as an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances
1.
He read several books in English, the latest being a biography of Shakespeare.
(=He read several books in English, and the latest was a biography of Shakespeare.)
Он прочитал несколько книг на английском, и последняя была биография Шекспира.
2.
He turned and went, we, as before, following him.
Он повернулся и вышел; как и преж-
де мы последовали за ним.
3.
They all sat and kept silent, Peter telling the story.
4.
She looked through the window, her glance travelling towards the bridge.
5.
Finally she stood back and looked at him, her face radiantly smiling.
6.
“But it’s so ridiculous that we don’t know what to do,” William told them, his
voice rising in indignation.
7.
She kept on running, her heart thumping
(биться с глухим шумом)
furiously, her steps
quickening in pace with her heartbeats.
8.
English words can be classed as variable
(изменяющийся)
and invariable
(неизменяемый)
,
the latter being much more numerous than in the other European languages.
9.
The three stood in a triangle before the fire, the two men smoking, and the wom-
an sniffing at an October rose.
10.
He gave a pleasant smile, some of the freshness returning to his face.
11.
Faulkner was born in New Albany, Mississippi, in 1897, his father being a busi-
ness manager of the University there.
12.
She was smoking now, her eyes narrowed thoughtfully.
Note: A peculiar feature of Absolute Constructions with the Participles is
that occasionally we find constructions which could be described as struc-
turally condensed. They are generally unextended and the nouns in them
are used without any articles.
1. She advanced two more strides and waited, head half turned.
2. Out in the open, crossing the path beside the Park, Douglas, black hat pulled
down, gave a grin of surreptitious kindness.
(
surreptitious
- тайный; сделанный тайком, исподтишка)
3. Joe sat hunched in the corner of the seat, elbow propped on window frame, chin
cupped in hand, trying hard to keep awake.
(
to hunch
- сгибаться; горбиться, сутулиться)
4. Two days later, Davidson walked, head bent, across the floor of my office.
(D) as an adverbial modifier of condition
1. Time permitting, we will visit him one of these days.
2. The solution failing this afternoon, the problem will have to wait until Monday.
98
Exercise 95. Point out the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction in the fol-
lowing sentences. State the function. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. John having left the room to ring for a taxi, Mary sat down again to wait for
him. (‘John having left the room to ring for a taxi’ is the Nominative Absolute
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