A Visible Role for Mathematical Tools, including Technology in PISA 2021 39. The definition of mathematical literacy explicitly includes the use of mathematical tools. These
tools include a variety of physical and digital equipment, software and calculation devices.
Computer-based mathematical tools are in common use in workplaces of the 21st century, and will
be increasingly more prevalent as the century progresses both in the workplace and in society
generally. The nature of day-to-day and work-related problems and the demands on individuals to
be able to employ mathematical reasoning (both deductive and inductive) in situations where
computational tools are present has expanded with these new opportunities
– creating enhanced
expectations for mathematical literacy.
40. Since the 2015 cycle, computer-based assessment (CBA) has been the primary mode of
testing, although an equivalent paper-based instrument is available for those countries who chose
not to test their students by computer. The 2015 and 2018 mathematical literacy assessments did
not exploit the opportunities that the computer provides.
41. Computer-Based Assessment of Mathematics (CBAM) will be the format of the mathematical
literacy from 2021. Although the option of a paper based assessment will remain for countries who
want to continue in that way, the CBAM will exploit the opportunities of the CBAM. The
opportunities that this transition creates are discussed in greater detail later in the framework.
