Vocabulary
oxygen кислород
a member член
chalcogen group халькогенная группа
reactive реакционноспособный
highly весьма
an oxidizing agent окислитель
abundant распространенный
hydrogen водород
helium гелий
tasteless без вкуса
the universe вселенная
a protein белок
a fat жир
a carbohydrate углевод
a nucleic acid нуклеиновая кислота
anaerobic organisms анаэробные организмы
the Earth's crust земная кора
ozone озон
to combine соединяться
atomic oxygen атомарный кислород
the upper atmosphere верхний слой атомосферы
ultraviolet (UV) radiation ультрафиолетовое излучение
to produce industrially получать на производстве
fractional distillation фракционная перегонка
liquefied air сжиженный воздух
nitrogen азот
equilibrium равновесие
approximately примерно
compared to по сравнению с
solubility растворимость
to depend on зависеть от
to condense конденсироваться
to freeze замерзать
to coin заимствовать
Texts for additional reading
Organic compounds of carbon
Alcohols are organic compounds. They contain -OH group. Examples of alcohols are methanol, CH3OH, ethanol C2H2OH.
Primary alcohols have two hydrogen atoms on the carbon atom. Secondary alcohols have one hydrogen on this carbon atom. Tertiary alcohols have no hydrogen on this carbon atom. The different types of alcohols differ in the way they react chemically. For example the following reactions occur with potassium dichromate (VI):
primary alcohol aldehyde carboxylic acid
secondary alcohols ketone
tertiary alcohol - no reaction.
Other characteristics of alcohols are reactions with acids. These reactions give esters. The reaction of dehydration gives alkenes or ethers. Alcohols which have two -OH groups are diols. Alcohols which three –OH groups are triols. Aldehydes are organic compounds. They contain the group -CHO. Examples of aldehydes are methanol , HCOH, and ethanal, CH3CHO. The oxidation of primary alcohols forms aldehydes . The further oxidation causes the formation of carboxylic acids. They are reducing agents. With sodium hydrogensulphate (IV) they form addition compounds of the type [RCOH(SO3)H]-. They also form addition compounds with hydrogen cyanide and give cyanohydrins and undergo condensation reactions.
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