Методическое пособие по английскому языку для студентов 4 курса, обучающихся по программе бакалавриата

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Appendix 3 Abbreviations

C Noun phrases
Academic language puts a lot of information into noun phrases rather than spreading it out over a whole sentence. For example, instead of saying Radiation was accidentally released over a 24-hour period, damaging a wide area for a long time, an academic might say The accidental release of radiation over a 24-hour period caused widespread long-term damage. It is therefore important to learn the different forms of a word, for example:

noun	verb	adjective(s)	adverb(s)
accident		accidental	accidentally
quantity/quantification	quantify	quantitative/quantifiable	quantitatively/quantifiably

Finally, be aware of 'chunks' or phrases which occur frequently, and learn them as whole units. Examples: in terms of, in addition, for the most part, in the case of, etc. (See Unit 16.)

Appendix 3 Abbreviations
Abbreviations are frequently found in an academic context. Here are some which are common in academic writing.

abbreviation	stands for	example or comment
e.g.	for example (from Latin, exempli gratia)	Many large mammals, e.g. the African elephant, the black rhino and the white rhino ...
i.e.	that is (from Latin, id est)	Higher earners, i.e. those with a monthly salary in excess of £3,000 ...
etc.	and so on (from Latin, et cetera)	Smaller European countries - Slovenia, Slovakia, Estonia, etc. - had different interests.
NB	note carefully (from Latin, noto bene)	NBYou must answer all the questions on this page.
et al	and others (from Latin, et alii)	used when giving bibliographical reference, e.g. as mentioned in T. Potts et al (1995)
ibid.	in the same place as the preceding footnote (from Latin, ibidem)	1 Lee (1987) History of Tea-Drinking in Europe 2 ibid.
cf	compare (from Latin, confer)	cf Lofstedt (2005) for a different approach to this topic
q.v.	which you can see (from Latin, quod vide)	used to refer the reader to another part of a book or article for further information

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