Fill in the gaps using the terms given in activity 1

77 
9. … … … … … has existed since ancient times, when humans devised 
inventions such as the wedge, lever, wheel and pulley. 
10. … … … … … can only follow one set of operations, and it cannot be 
changed once programmed.
11. … … … … … can be used in any situation and for any purpose, but 
today many are used in dangerous environments (including bomb detec-
tion and de-activation), manufacturing processes, or where humans can-
not survive. 
12. … … … … … started with introduction of electric lighting in 1882. 
13. The term “ … … … … … ” comes from the words "mechanical" and 
"electronics" combined. 
14. The primary concept in … … … … … is the "intelligent agent" — a 
computational device, either hardware or software or a combination of 
both, designed to perform a specific task that might be very simple or 
very complex in nature. 
15. … … … … … simulation is a method and means to test robotic com-
ponents for performance without incorporating them into a physical ro-
bot. 

78 
S
S
SU
U
UP
P
PP
P
PL
L
LE
E
EM
M
ME
E
EN
N
NT
T
TA
A
AR
R
RY
Y
Y 
R
R
RE
E
EA
A
AD
D
DI
I
IN
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Appendix

HOW TO WRITE AN ESSAY 
The 
essay
is written according to a basic structure: introduction and the 
body followed by a conclusion. The structure is the core of each composi-
tion that helps the writer to make a very well founded written construct. In 
order to compose an essay accurately the way it should be it is necessary to 
remember the main hints concerning the contents of the essay structure ele-
ments. 
Introduction
of any essay should be no longer than 1/10 of its length. If 
the essay itself must be of a significant size the introduction may have sev-
eral paragraphs; in the rest of the cases it consists of one solid paragraph. 
Introduction leads the reader from the general views or positions on the 
analyzed topics to the specific narrow theme of the essay. 
Main Body
can be anything upwards of three paragraphs depending on 
how many words you have been asked to write and how many points you 
want to make. Ensure that each of the paragraphs is linked and that they 
each connect with the central argument.
Conclusion 
should sum up the key points made in the essay, synthesize 
your thinking and show evidence that you have proved the thesis that you 
set out in your opening paragraph. Depending on the length of the essay you 
should also state the limitations of the work and suggest further work that 
could be undertaken in the future.
There are several 
steps in writing a successful essay
: 
1. Pick a topic 
You may have your topic assigned, or you may be given free reign to 
write on the subject of your choice. If you are given the topic, you should 
think about the type of paper that you want to produce. Should it be a gen-
eral overview of the subject or a specific analysis? If you have not been as-
signed a topic, you have a little more work to do. However, this opportunity 

79 
also gives you the advantage to choose a subject that is interesting or rele-
vant to you. First, define your purpose. Is your essay to inform or persuade? 
Once you have determined the purpose, you will need to do some re-
search on topics that you find intriguing.
Finally, evaluate your options. If your goal is to educate, choose a sub-
ject that you have already studied. If your goal is to persuade, choose a sub-
ject that you are passionate about. Whatever the mission of the essay, make 
sure that you are interested in your topic. 
2. Prepare an outline or diagram of your ideas 
In order to write a successful essay, you must organize your thoughts. 
By taking what’s already in your head and putting it to paper, you are able 
to see connections and links between ideas more clearly. This structure 
serves as a foundation for your paper. Use either an outline or a diagram to 
jot down your ideas and organize them. 
To create a diagram, write your topic in the middle of your page. Draw 
three to five lines branching off from this topic and write down your main 
ideas at the ends of these lines. Draw more lines off these main ideas and 
include any thoughts you may have on these ideas. 
If you prefer to create an outline, write your topic at the top of the page. 
From there, begin to list your main ideas, leaving space under each one. Do-
ing this will allow you to see connections and will help you to write a more 
organized essay. 
3. Write your thesis statement 
Now that you have chosen a topic and sorted your ideas into relevant 
categories, you must create a thesis statement. Your thesis statement tells 
the reader the point of your essay. Look at your outline or diagram. What 
are the main ideas? 
Your thesis statement will have two parts. The first part states the topic, 
and the second part states the point of the essay.
4. Write the body 
The body of your essay argues, explains or describes your topic. Each 
main idea that you wrote in your diagram or outline will become a separate 
section within the body of your essay. 
Each body paragraph will have the same basic structure. Begin by writ-
ing one of your main ideas as the introductory sentence. Next, write each of 
your supporting ideas in sentence format, but leave three or four lines in 

80 
between each point to come back and give detailed examples to back up 
your position. Fill in these spaces with relative information that will help 
link smaller ideas together. 
5. Write the introduction 
Now that you have developed your thesis and the overall body of your 
essay, you must write an introduction. The introduction should attract the 
reader’s attention and show the focus of your essay. 
Begin with an attention grabber. You can use shocking information, dia-
logue, a story, a quote, or a simple summary of your topic. Whichever angle 
you choose, make sure that it ties in with your thesis statement, which will 
be included as the last sentence of your introduction. 
6. Write the conclusion 
The conclusion brings closure of the topic and sums up your overall 
ideas while providing a final perspective on your topic. Your conclusion 
should consist of three to five strong sentences. Simply review your main 
points and provide reinforcement of your thesis. 
Finally, review what you have written. Reread your paper and check to 
see if it makes sense. Make sure that sentence flow is smooth and add 
phrases to help connect thoughts or ideas. Check your essay for grammar 
and spelling mistakes. 
Read more:
https://www.fastweb.com/student-life/articles/essay-tips-7-tips-on-writing-an-effective-essay 

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