81
Enumerating arguments
In addition to / additionally
В
добавлении
,
к
тому
же
…
Besides / moreover / furthermore
Кроме
того
….
Supporting the opinion
Experts believe / suggest / are con-
vinced that / point out that … /
Эксперты
полагают
/
предлагают
/
убеждены
/
отмечают
…
One must admit that ... .
Надо
признать
,
что
... .
According to some experts...
По
мнению
некоторых
экспертов
,
...
Weighing up arguments
On the one hand..... on the other
hand
С
одной
стороны
,
с
другой
сто
-
роны
To consider the advantages and
disadvantages
Чтобы
рассмотреть
преимуще
-
ства
и
недостатки
To discuss the pros and cons / ar-
guments for and against
Чтобы
обсудить
за
и
против
In theory ... in reality
В
теории
...
на
практике
Anyway / at any rate / in any case
В
любом
случае
In fact / actually / as a matter of fact
На
самом
деле
Comparison
Compared to /
in comparison with
По
сравнению
с
To draw / make a comparison be-
tween ...and
Чтобы
сравнить
...
и
...
А
s well as
Также
Restrictions
However / though
хотя
Nevertheless
тем
не
менее
Whereas
в
то
время
как
Although / though / even though
хотя
In spite of / despite
несмотря
на
In contrast to / with sth. / unlike
в
отличие
от
О
n the contrary
наоборот
82
Refering to
With
reference to
С
c
ылаясь
на
…
Regarding
что
касается
Emphasizing
I’d like to point out that …
Я
хотел
бы
отметить
,
что
...
I’d like to emphasize that …
Я
хотел
бы
сделать
акцент
на
том
,
что
...
Making a conclusion
Thus
Таким
образом
In conclusion, I strongly believe
that
В
заключение
,
я
твердо
верю
,
что
;
To sum up ….
Подводя
итог
;
To conclude, I want to say
В
заключении
,
хочу
сказать
.
To draw the conclusion, one can
say that …
Подводя
итог
,
можно
сказать
,
что
... .
The arguments we have presented
... suggest that ... / prove that ... /
would indicate that ... .
Представленные
нами
аргументы
...
предполагают
,
что
... /
доказы
-
вают
,
что
... /
указывают
на
то
,
что
... .
From these arguments one must ... /
could... / might ... conclude that ...
Исходя
из
этих
аргументов
,
надо
... /
можно
... /
можно
было
бы
...
прийти
к
заключению
о
том
,
что
... .
83
HOW
TO WRITE A SUMMARY
A
summary
is written to demonstrate you clearly understood the main
issues of the text and to communicate them to other readers. A summary is a
shortened version of a larger text, giving its main ideas. It is written in your
own words without comments or evaluation.
To write a good summary it is important to thoroughly understand the
material you are working with. Here are some preliminary
steps in writing a
summary
.
Step 1. Reviewing the Piece
1.
Skim the text, noting in your mind the subheadings. If there are no
subheadings, try to divide the text into sections. Consider why you have
been assigned the text. Try to determine what type of text you are dealing
with. This can help you identify important information.
2. Read the text, highlighting important information and taking notes.
Write down what you think the main point of the text is.
3. Reread the text, taking notes on the major points of it. Once you
know for sure what the author's main point is, reread the text, looking for
the ways they support that point.
4. Don't focus on the evidence that the author uses
to support those
points. You only need to know what they're arguing.
Step 2. Writing The Summary in Your Own Words
1. Start with the source’s information. You should start every summary
with the author and the article’s title. This lets your reader know that you’re
summarizing what someone else has written.
(read more: http://utminers.utep.edu/omwilliamson/engl0310/summaryhints.htm)
2. Work from memory to write the main point of each section. Without
looking at your notes, write a first draft that includes the main point of each
section in your own words. A summary shouldn’t just repeat what the origi-
nal author said, so using your own words is very important.
(read more: https://public.wsu.edu/~mejia/Summary.htm)
Write down the key support points for the main topic, but do not in-
clude minor detail.
3. Use formal language. You want your reader to know that you’re
summarizing another person’s arguments. So you should use phrases like
“the author informs,” or “the author points out” when you’re presenting
84
those arguments. This reminds the reader that it’s
not your text, but some-
one else’s.
Step 3. Revising Your Draft into a Coherent Summary
1. Reread the draft you wrote from memory against your notes. Take
your notes out and compare them to your from-memory draft. If there’s any-
thing major you forgot to include, put it in your second draft.
(read more: https://public.wsu.edu/~mejia/Summary.htm)
2.Eliminate repetition. Sometimes in an article or book, the author
might make the same point multiple times as a way to underline their main
points. In your summary, you don’t need to do this. When you’re rereading
your summary, delete any repetitive points – even if the author makes them
multiple times, you only need to make them once.
(read more: http://www.hunter.cuny.edu/rwc/handouts/the-writing-process-1/invention/Guidelines-for-
Writing-a-Summary)
3. Add transitions where necessary. If you’re focused on getting all of
the main
points down, you might not be paying attention to how the para-
graphs of your summary fit together. When you revise, make sure that you
connect each paragraph to the next, and back to the main point.
(read more: http://www.hunter.cuny.edu/rwc/handouts/the-writing-process-1/invention/Guidelines-for-
Writing-a-Summary
)
4. Check your length. Once you’ve added anything you might have for-
gotten to your summary, check how long it is. A summary should be around
one quarter the length of the original piece. So if the original piece is 4 pag-
es long, your summary should be no more than a page.
(read more: https://public.wsu.edu/~mejia/Summary.htm)
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