Министерство науки и высшего образования республики казахстан
«СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ И ТЕНДЕНЦИИ ХИМИИ И ХИМИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ В XXI ВЕКЕ»
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XXI ҒАСЫРДАҒЫ ХИМИЯ ЖӘНЕ ХИМИЯЛЫҚ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯНЫҢ ЗАМАНАУИ ЖЕТІСТІКТЕРІ МЕН ТЕНДЕНЦИЯЛАРЫ-ХИМИЯ-2023-06-05 14 54 57pm
| «СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ И ТЕНДЕНЦИИ ХИМИИ И ХИМИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ В XXI ВЕКЕ»
«XXI ҒАСЫРДАҒЫ ХИМИЯ ЖӘ НЕ ХИМИЯЛЫҚ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯНЫҢ ЗАМАНАУИ ЖЕТІСТІКТЕРІ МЕН ТЕНДЕНЦИЯЛА РЫ» mass motorization required large volumes of fuel, respectively, and the benchmark was for the construction of plants for the production of fuel from non-renewable resources. At the moment, according to the statistics of Askhat Khasenov (the current Vice Minister of Energy), the average oil price is 100,000 tenge per 1 ton, which is about $ 29.55 per barrel in February 2023, which is 2.7 times less compared to 2022, which accordingly can be concluded that in the global oil sector the turning point has come. According to Askhat Magauov, the liberalization of retail prices for petroleum products may lead to the cessation of the annual growth in the consumption of gasoline and diesel fuel in Kazakhstan. Taking into account all the latest updates about the reduction of oil production, nowadays, one of the priority areas of innovative development of Kazakhstan is to increase energy efficiency, as well as the rational use of resources. According to the Bureau of National Statistics, about 4.4 million cars were registered in Kazakhstan as of December 1, 2022, including passenger cars – 87.8% (3.8 million), trucks – 10.1% (444400), buses – 2.1% (92600); Of 87.9% of passenger cars in the republic use gasoline as fuel, and most trucks run on diesel fuel [2, p. 7]. Turning to the current topic of biofuels, the question arises why countries do not switch from oil consumption, if the production and use of biofuels is so profitable and simple? In 2007, the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan at the legislative level approved the «Concept for the development of the biofuel market», and in 2010 the law «On state regulation of production and turnover of biofuels» was adopted. Moreover, in the autumn of 2006, the “Biohim” plant was opened in the North Kazakhstan region, which according to the plan was to produce about 57,000 tons of bioethanol annually, which could give an impetus to the development of biofuel production in the country. However, in 2012, this company was declared bankrupt due to a sharp rise in grain prices and low demand among consumers, which jeopardized the development of bioethanol production [3]. However, taking into account the fact that even if Kazakhstan has a good potential in the use of renewable energy sources and has all significant economic, social and environmental benefits, the percentage of production using renewable resources remains low - 1.1% according to the indicators of 2018[4]. Based on all of the above, we can move on to the reasons for the slow transition to biofuels. What are the main obstacles? Analyzing the data, opinions were divided into pros and cons, one half of the experts believe that the production of biofuels in Kazakhstan is unprofitable. «In order to produce biofuels, it is necessary to improve technologies and provide appropriate preferences for producers», also the addition of bioethanol increases fuel consumption by 20-30%, which is considered a useless transfer of raw materials for oil-producing countries. On the other hand, proponents of biofuels argue that the improvement of technologies will set an incentive for the growth of food crops and livestock production to obtain additional raw materials, and will also allow to adhere to the policy of three R -Reduce-Recycle-Reuse, which can reduce waste emissions into the environment and decrease the climate crisis. In addition to the above-mentioned advantages, this will lead to a high industrialization of the agro-industrial sector, especially in the North Kazakhstan regions, where plant biomass, straw, animal fat and vegetable oil waste, household waste can be used as raw materials [5]. Nevertheless, there is a demand for biofuels from some European countries, China and Japan, which could contribute to the development of biofuel production and export in Kazakhstan. It is possible to notice a significant difference in the percentage of biofuel producers in the top five producers [Figure 1, p. 3]. Where, for example, the USA occupies a leading position with 36.9% and by a large margin, but France is in 6th place with 2,2% of production, which differs from Kazakhstan by only 1.1% [6]. Summing up, it can be noted that there are 3 main reasons for the slow development of biofuel production in Kazakhstan. Firstly, the lack of attention from the government. The state focuses on the extraction of minerals and exports, without thinking about the environmental consequences. Secondly, industrial and infrastructural stagnation, the economy of Kazakhstan 15 years later still remains vulnerable from the external environment, in particular from the situation on the world oil market. This hinders the development of alternative energy sources. And since the country’s attention is focused on the export of mineral resources, most of the finance goes to the oil industry, thereby not giving biofuels a chance, which is the third reason. |